Some observers argue that a rudimentary version of world culture is taking shape among certain individuals who share similar values, aspirations, or lifestyles. CESifo Working Paper (No. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. In the equation above, V(k) is the estimated variance of \({\widehat{u}}_{it}\) based on k factors. This study provides several contributions to previous literature. Social globalization also provides cultural integration among the worlds people, and it changes lifestyles and consumption patterns worldwide. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 56(3), 516546. The positive and negative impacts of globalisation on culture are found in global understanding, cultural identity enhancement and loss of uniqueness. Another group stems from the rise of a transnational workforce. This is because globalization enables economies to compete fairly at all levels, hence attracting investors. A., Olasehinde-Williams, G., & Etokakpan, M. U. Policy makers should remove the barriers on globalization, and they should promote participation on international organizations and publicprivate and civil society partnerships. Propelled by the efficiency or appeal of wireless communications, electronic commerce, popular culture, and international travel, globalization has been seen as a trend toward homogeneity that will eventually make human experience everywhere essentially the same. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. In addition, higher levels of democracy lead to higher levels of life expectancy. Globalization and growth in the low income African countries with the extreme bounds analysis. Following the European exploration of the New World, globalization occurred on a grand scale; the widespread transfer of plants, animals, foods, cultures, and ideas became known as the Columbian Exchange. Our results show that a higher level of per capita income is positively associated with higher levels of life expectancy. As cultures advanced, they were able to travel farther afield to trade their own goods for desirable products found elsewhere. The findings obtained from our study show that economic, social, and political integration of countries and democracy accelerate the process of achieving a healthier society. One such cadre, according to political scientist Samuel Huntington in The Clash of Civilizations (1998), comprises an elite group of highly educated people who operate in the rarefied domains of international finance, media, and diplomacy. Another example is Vietnam, where globalization has contributed to an increase in the prices for rice, lifting many poor rice farmers out of poverty. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Franco et al. Achieving these 17 goals put forward by the United Nations at the same time is possible only if these goals do not conflict with each other. The Review of International Organizations, 14, 543574. Journal of economic perspectives, 20(3), 97120. 1. where \(IC\left(k\right)\) is the information criterion. The journal of Developing areas, 41, 185204. It is also important to examine this relationship in low-income countries since they still suffer from low levels of life expectancy, less adaptation to globalization, and poor democratic institutions compared to other income groups. It is an important instrument in the suppression of the inequality created by economic globalization. Pesaran, M. H. (2007). Globalization, democracy, and child health in developing countries. There are also methodological weaknesses in previous empirical studies. At the same time, innovations in information technology enable immediate communication and the rapid transfer of financial assets across national borders. World Bank Income Groups MDGs Index Values in 2015. Since the start of civilization, people have traded goods with their neighbors. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. Marshall, M. G., & Jaggers, K. (2002). The Econometrics Journal, 11(1), 105127. American Economic Review, 105(5), 100104. This method considers cross-sectional dependence and provides robust results in small samples (Westerlund and Edgerton, 2007). World Development Indicators. Following this, Besley and Kudamatsu (2006) investigated the nexus between democracy and health outcomes utilizing panel data from the 1960s to the 2000s. Positive and Negative Effects of Social Media in Globalization The massive number of ideas that people share through such platforms as Twitter and Facebook has noticeably influenced a change in lifestyles, preferences, political ideologies and academic achievements, both for the positive and negative. By the beginning of the 21st century, institutions such as Cultural Survival were operating on a world scale, drawing attention to indigenous groups who are encouraged to perceive themselves as first peoplesa new global designation emphasizing common experiences of exploitation among indigenous inhabitants of all lands. Westerlund (2007) showed that the estimation of k provides better results compared to CUP-FM estimator assuming k is known. Our results confirms the findings of Owen and Wu (2007), Ali and Audi (2016), and Shahbaz et al. Firstly, we . Social identity is conceptualized as attachment and identification with a group. (1970). Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. First, we provide a new perspective in the context of sustainable development goals. The role of political globalization on this point is forcing governments to adopt global institutions. Democracy also refers to accountability levels of governments. In 2013, a textile factory building collapsed, killing more than 1,100 workers. Our work supports the idea that in order to achieve SDG3, global partnership and democracy are required. Globalization and health: Pathways, evidence and policy. In economics, globalization can be defined as the process in which businesses, organizations, and countries begin operating on an international scale. (2004). Traditional panel data methods are based on the assumption that no cross-sectional dependence exists among cross section units. Cross-sectional dependency simply refers to the situation when the shock that occurs in one country affects other countries as well. One should also notice that wider markets and higher returns are important factors that motivate entrepreneurs. The dataset is consisting of a weighted average of collected data from several co-founders. Is trade good for your health? Democracy can be considered as another determinant of life expectancy. Positive Impacts of Globalization Adopting globalization increases free trading opportunities between countries. 2011). Effectively, this means that workers in the developed world must compete with lower-cost markets for jobs; unions and workers may be unable to defend against the threat of corporations that offer the alternative between lower pay or losing jobs to a supplier in a less expensive labor market.The situation is more complex in the developing world, where economies are undergoing rapid change. They also suffer from bad health conditions such as low life expectancy, communicable diseases, and high mortality rates according to MDG indexes given above. Both of the estimators require cointegrated variables in the long run. Updates? Journal of Financial Econometrics, 5(3), 491522. A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research. Those who are in favor also claim that trade across borders will help limit military . As Deaton (2004) mentioned before, access to cheap and easy travel can increase the rate of spread of communicable diseases. 2014). After the preliminary analysis of unit root, the existence of a long-run relationship between the variables in our model will be investigated via Westerlund and Edgerton (2007) cointegration test. Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content: Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. The ignorance of cross-sectional dependence results in biased and inconsistent estimates and wrong inferences (De Hoyos and Sarafidis 2006; Chudik and Pesaran 2013). 71112. Globalization has long been used by the automotive industry, for instance, where different parts of a car may be manufactured in different countries. w12347). In our empirical work, economic, social, and political globalization and democracy variables were used as proxies of the subcomponents of SDG17. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Globally, HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria targets have been met. In addition, democracy improves child health and it also increases the beneficial effects of globalization on child health. Second, although rapidly increasing consumption options and diversity are known as welfare indicators, they also can cause stress which is known as an important determinant of many diseases both psychological and physical (Cutler et al. Finally, GDP per capita growth improves health status of countries. Those countries are Benin, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, The Gambia, Haiti, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Nepal, Niger, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, and Togo. Since achieving these goals requires the cooperation of countries and societies, Partnership for the Goals is determined as the seventeenth SDG. It requires cooperation between governments and societies. Using estimation techniques that consider cross-sectional dependence in those countries prevents misleading results. By minimizing the BIC, we obtain \(\widehat{k}\). The stata journal, 6(4), 482496. The determinants of mortality. Socially, globalization has facilitated the exchange of ideas and cultures, contributing to a world view in which people are more open and tolerant of one another. Moreover, this effort supports economic growth in developing countries. Life expectancy at birth indicates the number of years a newborn infant would live if prevailing patterns of mortality at the time of its birth were to stay the same throughout its life. According to the results, the globalization index and its subcomponents such as economic, social, and political globalization are important instruments to achieve a healthier society. In their study, they used life expectancy at birth and child mortality variables for 146 countries as indicators of health outcomes. However, some countries still suffer from poor adaption to global markets. Health in 2015: from MDGs to SDGs 2015. In the selection of panel data estimation methods, the results of those preliminary analysis are taken into account. The results are shown in Table 4. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). KOF Globalization Index. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. In addition, in the error terms obtained from models 1, 2, 3, and 4 the null of no cross-sectional dependence is rejected at 1%. According to the United Nations (2019), the main indicators of global partnerships are trade, foreign direct investments, remittances, financial integration technology transfers, data monitoring and accountability, internet usage, and political integration among countries. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. This appears, however, to be an overstatement of the phenomenon. (2015). Therefore, in order to determine the existence of a long-run relationship, we applied Westerlund and Edgerton (2007) panel cointegration test. Globalization has led to increases in standards of living around the world, but not all of its effects are positive for everyone. This poor performance is in part due to social and political instability and with conflicts between the rights of individuals verses the interest of cultural groups. In democracies, governments have an obligation to account to citizens for what purposes the resources were used. With economic globalization, increased economic activity may lead to urbanization. Part of Springer Nature. However, according to his results, in 19 of 99 countries, globalization affects health positively. According to results, per capita income, literacy rate, per capita health expenditure, and urbanization have no significant impact on life expectancy. Journal of applied econometrics, 22(2), 265312. The consequences of this change can have positive and negative effects. The results show that a 1% increase in globalization index increases life expectancy %0.014 and %0.015 according to CUP-FM and BA-OLS estimators, respectively. In electoral democracies, people living in poverty and suffering from health problems can easily attract the attention of policymakers compared to autocracies. (2014). Westerlund and Edgerton (2007) suggested following LM test in order to test the null of cointegration. 1, X refers to the KOF Globalization Index developed by Dreher (2006). Department of Economics, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey, Arif Eser Guzel,Unal Arslan&Ali Acaravci, You can also search for this author in As a dummy variable, living in Sub-Saharan Africa is another factor that reduces life expectancy due to communicable diseases like HIV, malaria, etc. The effect of democracy on life expectancy is also positive and significant at 1% which confirms the findings of Franco et al. The migrant labourers may leave their families and live temporarily in another country, thus disrupting the family and social fabric of their home . Those studies are mostly addressed the relationship between SDG7, SDG8, SDG13, and SDG17 (Zafar et al. While globalization has been used as an indicator of the partnership between countries, democracy has been used as an indicator of accountability and cooperation between governments and societies. Therefore, partnerships for goals has taken its place as the 17th sustainable development target. Another negative effect of globalization is trade. Positive and negative effects of Globalization. Political Research Quarterly, 54(3), 509529. Another finding in this study shows that health expenditures in those countries failed to increase life expectancy. Globalization is defined for individuals as their connectivity in global networks. Named after the Swiss town that began hosting annual meetings of the World Economic Forum in 1971, these Davos insiders share common beliefs about individualism, democracy, and market economics. Politics and population health: Testing the impact of electoral democracy. The results of homogeneity tests developed by Pesaran and Yamagata (2008) are given in Table 2. Even HIV-infected people can survive with antiretroviral therapy, and it also reduces sexual transmission of the infection (Dollar 2001; Cohen et al. Health & place, 40, 6675. This study guide looks at the reasons for globalisation and its positive and negative influences. Social Science and Medicine, 136, 5263. 1, significant differences exist between developing countries and developed countries in achieving health-related goals. The improvement of the health conditions of the poor countries depends on global partnership and economic, social, and political integration among countries. The authors used nonlinear time series analysis methods utilizing the data of 16 Sub-Saharan African countries over the period 19702012. (2015) examined the effects of globalization and democracy on child health in their panel data analysis for 70 developing countries covering the period 19702009. Dreher, A. Low-income countries are mostly African countries where there is a rising trend in terms of integration to global markets and institutions (Beck et al. Swamy, P. A. International trade, capital flows, migration, technological transfer and cultural exchanges are some of the typical manifestations of this process. Environ Dev Sustain 23, 1350813525 (2021). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. 2020). These include improving international resource mobility, helping developing countries to attain debt sustainability, promoting the transfer of information and technology between developed and developing countries, an open and rule-based free trade system, encouraging publicprivate and civil society partnerships, increasing transparency and accountability, and high quality and reliable data (United Nations 2019). The source of this problem encountered in panel data analysis is the economic, financial, and political integration among countries (Menyah et al. For more than 1,500 years, Europeans traded glass and manufactured goods for Chinese silk and spices, contributing to a global economy in which both Europe and Asia became accustomed to goods from far away. Journal of cleaner production, 212, 11661178. Cutler, D., Deaton, A., & Lleras-Muney, A. Increasing the social welfare level is a complex process that depends on economic and non-economic factors. Healthy people have higher opportunities to earn a higher income than unhealthy people. Due to the high cost of advanced drugs as in the case of antiretroviral therapy, it should be accepted that people in low-income countries will have trouble accessing the drugs (Buss 2002). From nonrenewable to renewable energy and its impact on economic growth: The role of research & development expenditures in Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation countries. World Bank (2019). Therefore, economic development and improvement of health conditions represent a two-way process. Globalization is most often used in an economic context, but it also affects and is affected by politics and culture. One may think about unhealthy conditions of an urban area such as environmental degradation, air and water pollution, higher crime rates, and stress which reduce life expectancy. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. If the calculated CIPS statistic exceeds the critical value, it means that the unit root hypothesis is rejected. Fixed effects estimation results reveal a significant negative relationship between public health expenditure and women's premature death. According to estimations of the continuous-updated fully modified (CUP-FM) and bias-adjusted ordinary least squares (BA-OLS), globalization and its subcomponents such as economic, social, and political globalization affect life expectancy positively. While globalization and democracy indexes are used as proxy indicators of Partnerships for the Goals (SDG 17), life expectancy used a proxy of Good Health and Well-Being (SDG 3). With this, it is aimed to examine the existence of contradiction between those SDGs. Consumers also have access to a wider variety of goods. Free trade opportunities between countries help avoid business complications. In addition, ignoring the cross-sectional dependence results in inconsistent estimations. Globalization refers to the increasingly integrated nature of economies around the world. It affects our economies, education, culture, businesses, and personal lives. Although homogenizing influences do indeed exist, they are far from creating anything akin to a single world culture. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals announced by the United Nations are important guides for the development processes of developing countries. Their analysis includes annual data from 168 countries covering the period 19602010. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Another study on the Pakistan case proposed by Alam et al. Menyah, K., Nazlioglu, S., & Wolde-Rufael, Y. \({V}_{Tij}\), \({\mu }_{Tij}\), and \({\widehat{\rho }}_{ij},\) respectively, represent variance, mean, and the correlation between cross section units. Barlow and Vissandjee (1999) examined the determinants of life expectancy with cross-sectional data available in 1990 for 77 developed and developing countries. Haliselik, E., & Soytas, M. A. \({\stackrel{\sim }{Z}}_{it}\)=k and \(Var\left({\stackrel{\sim }{Z}}_{it}\right)=2k(T-k-1)/T+1\). Geneva: World Health Organization. The Cross-sectionally Augmented DickeyFuller (CADF) unit root test developed by Pesaran (2007) is based on that factor modelling approach. Many businesses located in the United States have outsourced their call centers or information technology services to companies in India. These techniques are robust whether N>T and T>N. Therefore, \({CD}_{LM}\) and bias-adjusted LM (\({LM}_{adj})\) tests are found to be appropriate and their test statistics can be calculated as follows: Equation 2 shows the calculation of Pesaran (2004) \({CD}_{LM},\) and Eq. The author suggested the estimation of k using an information criterion as. Furthermore, GDP per capita and the proportion of white-collar workers reduce premature death for both men and women, while alcohol consumption increases it. Financial development, trade openness and economic growth in African countries: New insights from a panel causality approach. In this study, we investigated the role of globalization and democracy in life expectancy in 16 low-income countries.Footnote 1 Following Barlow and Vissandjee (1999) and (2000), GDP per capita is used as a control variable in order to mitigate omitted variable bias. Moreover, as social dimensions of globalization expand and communication opportunities among people in different countries increase, the possibility of human rights violations being discovered by other people increases (Dreher et al. Financing Through the crisis and beyond. The estimations do not take this process into account may cause inconsistent results. You cannot download interactives. The garment industry in Bangladesh, for instance, employs an estimated four million people, but the average worker earns less in a month than a U.S. worker earns in a day. Thus, unhealthy but traditional consumption patterns and lifestyles may change. The relative instability of many African nations is cited by experts as one of the reasons why Africa has not benefited from globalization as much as countries in Asia and Latin America.Benefits of GlobalizationGlobalization provides businesses with a competitive advantage by allowing them to source raw materials where they are inexpensive. When trade liberalization and income increases are considered together, people's access to treatments and medications can be easier and life expectancy may be prolonged. Globalization describes how different world cultures, populations, and economies are interdependent from each other. (2008) bias-adjusted LM test. 2. Empirical results show that people living in democracies enjoy better health conditions such as longer life expectancy, better maternal health, and lower child mortality. Indeed, the working conditions of people at some points in the supply chain are deplorable. Harrison, A. Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Competition Competition in the market is largely due to globalization. Therefore, the positive impact of globalization on health first emerged with its positive effects on economic growth (Labont et al. Journal of cleaner production, 188, 144157. Globalization, government ideology, and income inequality in developing countries. Google Scholar. Also, the child mortality rate was reduced by 53% and maternal mortality by 43% (WHO 2016). Science of The Total Environment, 708, 134653. However, we should consider other possibilities in the context of spreading communicable diseases. The effects of globalization on growth were mostly driven by free trade, international specialization, technology transfers, knowledge spillovers, and competitive markets. To answer this question, the role of economic, social, and political globalization and democracy in life expectancy in those countries is empirically investigated. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. The main question of our study is to determine whether the problem of low life expectancy in low-income countries is due to the low levels of globalization and weak political institutions in these countries. Zafar, M. W., Shahbaz, M., Hou, F., & Sinha, A. This integration has both positive and negative effects. A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Patterson and Veenstra (2016) concluded that electoral democracies provide better health conditions compared to other countries. (2016). In our analysis, we used subcomponents of globalization index such as economic (EC), social (SOS), and political (POL) globalization in addition to overall globalization (GLB). After determining the cointegration relationship, we estimated long-run coefficients utilizing CUP-FM and BA-OLS estimators proposed by Bai and Kao (2006) and Westerlund (2007), respectively. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01225-2, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-01225-2. On the estimation and inference of a panel cointegration model with cross-sectional dependence In panel data econometrics theoretical contributions and empirical applications. The first one blames globalization and argues that poverty and as a result of this, low life expectancy derives from the inequality created by globalization itself (Buss 2002). Globalization and government policy independence: The issue of taxation. Achieving economic development or increasing the level of welfare depends on achieving and sustaining the main objectives in political, economic, and social areas. As you stop to fill up your car (paying approximately $2.50 to $3.50 per gallon of gas in the U.S.) and then . Third, due to knowledge spillovers and communication technology, people can learn about healthy nutrition and protection from communicable diseases. The long-run estimation results given in Table 5 show that overall, economic, social, and political globalization are positively associated with life expectancy at 1% significance level according to both CUP-FM and BA-OLS estimators. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. 5. To prevent serial correlation, the regression must be augmented with lagged first differences of both \({y}_{it}\) and \({\stackrel{-}{y}}_{t}\) as follows: After the calculation of CADF statistics for each cross section (\({CADF}_{i}\)), Pesaran (2007) calculates the CIPS statistic as average of CADF statistics. Effect of democracy on health: Ecological study. Social globalization enables people in very remote areas of the world to communicate with each other, while political globalization forces governments to be transparent about infectious diseases. By increasing the international exchange of goods, technological advances, and information, globalization increases economic development for any country participating in the global economy. Judge, K. (1995). Or, Z. Our dataset is covering the period 19702017. As stated in the introduction section, low-income countries show low performance in terms of health-related sustainable development goals, and their connections with global markets are weak compared to other countries. However, according to Kabir (2008), people living in an urban area can benefit from improved medical care, easy access to pharmacy, and to the hospitals that use higher technology. The result is more jobs in countries where jobs are needed, which can have a positive effect on the national economy and result in a higher standard of living. As the literature is divided into two parts about the effects of globalization on human well-being, fresh evidence via robust estimation methods is required in order to provide proper policy implications. Editor of. The human rights approach focuses on how globalization affected disadvantaged people worldwide (Chapman 2009). Kabir, M. (2008). They have very similar effects: they raise output in countries, raise productivity, create more jobs, raise wages, and lower prices of products in the world economy. The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) consist of 8 goals, 21 targets, and 60 related indicators covering a wide spectrum of development areas such as End Poverty and Hunger (MDG 1), Universal Education (MDG 2), Gender Equality (MDG 3), Child Health (MDG 4), Maternal Health (MDG 5), Combat HIV/AIDS (MDG 6), Environmental Sustainability (MDG 7), and Global Partnership (MDG 8). As we see, three of the goals are directly associated with the health status of the people.
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