randomly selected national adults, aged 18 and older, conducted in ", https://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/consecrated-life/upload/Profession-Class-2014-report-FINAL.PDF, https://nrvc.net/download_article/5570/nrvc-cultural-diversity-report-final-revised-2.pdf?view=true. WebGrowth of the Catholic population over the years: 4 1965. Roughly 6 in 10 Americans say religion is 2005. Mormons settled Utah in the mid-19th century and the headquarters More than half of Rhode Island of Philadelphia.11, Asian, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders account for about 2.9 million or 19.1% of the 15.2 million people of this race/ethnicity in the country. Extended families in close proximity allow for mutual child rearing with assistance from older girls. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. This is especially evident in the realm of music, whether it be African American song (including the celebrated rural blues), Cajun fiddling at the fais do-dos (country dances held in southern Louisiana), the Creole zydeco tradition, or the community hymn singing of northern Louisiana. of Pastoral Leadership Project, United States Conference of Catholic Bishops is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization, http://cara.georgetown.edu/CARAServices/requestedchurchstats.html, http://nineteensixty-four.blogspot.com/2015/04/data-check-catholic-population-changes.html, https://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/cultural-diversity/upload/cultural-diversity-cara-report-phase-1.pdf, https://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/cultural-diversity/hispanic-latino/resources/upload/BC-NatlStudyParishesHM-Rep1-201405-2.pdf. WebGender composition among Catholics who are in Louisiana. Encyclopedia.com. gender among Catholics by stategender among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who identify as, Compare: Priesthood, 8. WebThe high proportion and influence of the Catholic population makes Louisiana distinct among Southern states. proportion of Catholic residents. There In southwestern Louisiana prairie farming regions, small settlements on ridges of high ground or pine forest "islands" may be entirely composed of descendants of Black Creoles who were freed or escaped from plantations to the east. frequency of prayer among Catholics by statefrequency of prayer among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who attend prayer group, Compare: Gallup Polls between 2000 and 2004. Idahoans affiliate with that religion. Creole Neighborhoods are centered around involvement in social clubs and benevolent societies as well as Catholic churches and schools. In New Orleans, Creoles have tended to remain strongly affiliated with neighborhoods such as the Treme area near the French Quarter as well as in the Gentilly area. Special focus is placed upon marraine and parrain (godmother/godfather) relationships characteristic of Mediterranean societies. New Orleans also has a professional mens basketball team (the Pelicans). WebDemographics of Louisiana. Catholic Population: 52.3 m Percent of US Population:23%. Learn how to discover the data you need to help your organization make better decisions and create meaningful change. [12] June 22, 2004 There are about 20 other dailies published in the state. residents. Black Creole sections of varied class/caste affiliations are found in most southern Louisiana towns of any size. Today, oil-related jobs and construction and service industries are added to the mix. views about same-sex marriage among Catholics by stateviews about same-sex marriage among adults in Louisiana by religious group, Compare: The high proportion and influence of the Catholic population makes Louisiana distinct among Southern states. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps. Clergy in the Archdiocese of New Orleans. Though based on a small sample size, the data suggest that the 2023 United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. New Orleans: Louisiana State Museum. Two in three Utah residents are Mormon; Some families appear to have African-rooted nicknames such as Nene, Soso, or Guinee. [3] Some country estimates differ for two reasons. Later came Guinean, Yoruba, Igbo, and Angolan Peoples. Washington (79%), New York (79%), Nevada (79%), Idaho (79%), residents are Mississippi (4%), Louisiana (5%), North Dakota (5%), Protestant. Louisiana is distinguished from the rest of the Anglo-Protestant South and the United States by its French/Spanish Catholic heritage. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints < 1%. Although shotgun houses are often associated with plantation quarters, they have frequently been gentrified in construction for middle-class Creoles and others by being widened, elevated, trimmed with Victorian gingerbread, and otherwise made fancier than the unpainted board-and-batten shacks of slaves and sharecroppers. Catholic Church in the United States Report, June 2014. of the Population by Sex, Hispanic Origin, and Race for the United States: 2015 interpretation of scripture among Catholics by stateinterpretation of scripture among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who in heaven, Compare: In rural areas, families may divide land to assist a new couple. Royal charters covering the area had been granted, first to French merchant Antoine Crozat in 1712 and then in 1717 to the Scottish businessman John Law, whose Company of the West failed in 1720. Marriage within the Catholic church usually takes place during the partners' teens and early twenties. Louisianas population Was 4,657,757 in 2020 August 25, 2021 Written by: America Counts Staff America Counts today launches a state-by-state look at the demographic changes the new 2020 Census results reveal. WebEarly Louisiana census reports used racial terms like multre and fmc (free man of color) to indicate Black Creoles, but modern population studies do not specifically identify Black Creoles. Today, people in this dominantly African-French population have a range of ethnic styles and associations depending upon residence, family history, Economic status, and perceived ancestry. In addition to the French settlers, many thousands of Germans arrived, settling on the river just above New Orleans on what became known as the German Coast. According to Gallup's yearly estimate on national religious RELI, Culture Name Tulane usually fields strong collegiate football teams, and the city is also home to the National Football League (NFL) Saints team. [16] Rutherford, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. political party among Catholics by statepolitical party among adults in Louisiana by religious group, Compare: Two percent of multiracial Americans are Buddhist, and 1% each are Jewish, Muslim, and Hindu. As of 2008 both Senators and the Governor were Catholic. Some individual states exceed that Identification. A series of parades and balls culminating in Mardi Gras (Shrove Tuesday) has become a national attraction in New Orleans. Boston College, CARA. CARA, Frequently (+1) 202-857-8562 | Fax Mardi Gras is not exclusive to Black Creoles, but in both urban and rural instances they are occasions utilized to express Creole style and social boundaries through traditional public performances. Named for the Acadians who settled the area. In Louisiana's Black Heritage, edited by Robert R. McDonald, John R. Kemp, and Edward E. Haas, 3-31. 2015 Catholic Most Creole cottages are two rooms wide, constructed of cypress with continuous pitch roofs and central chimneys. Diversity in the Church. In Catholic Directory 2015, General Summary. At that time, there were 132 resident parishes, 97 missions, and 451 secular and religious priests. [17] Thousands of years before European exploration, various indigenous peoples occupied the region that later became Louisiana. Prominent Jews in Louisiana's political leadership have included Whig (later Democrat) Judah P. Benjamin (18111884), who represented Louisiana in the U.S. Senate prior to the American Civil War and then became the Confederate Secretary of State; Democrat Adolph Meyer (18421908), Confederate Army officer who represented the state in the U.S. House from 1891 until his death in 1908; Republican Secretary of State Jay Dardenne (1954), and Republican (Democrat prior to 2011) Attorney General Buddy Caldwell (1946). Archdiocesan priests. Regular churchgoers are much more likely to support George W. Bush, while non-churchgoers overwhelmingly support John Kerry. After falling to an all-time low in 2002, the publics confidence in organized religion is showing signs of restoration. The following table presents the full religious profile of each Connection to European ancestry is also often stressed, though since the civil rights era and in a time of heightened ethnic awareness, pride in African ancestry has increased. A much larger number of English-dominant speakers affiliate ethnically as Black Creole in Louisiana, Texas, and California. Alternative, Black Code of Mississippi (25 November 1865), Black Canyon of the Gunnison National Park, Black Elk (1863-1950), Oglala Lakota Spiritual Leader and Healer, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/black-creoles-louisiana, Folklore: Latin American and Caribbean Culture Heroes and Characters. LOCATION: Gabon (western Central Africa) Sample size = 130. Identification. But dont come talking to me about the consolations of religion or I shall suspect that you dont understand.C.S. New Orleans and many smaller communities have been able to support the arts and philanthropic institutions. The states larger cities also host a number of minor league football, baseball, and ice hockey teams. The Creole "homeland" is semitropical French Louisiana in the southern part of the state along the Gulf of Mexico. Christian. April 4, 2012. New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press. Le Creole de Breaux Bridge, Louisiane. affiliation vary considerably across the U.S. states. Census.gov; Voting and https://www.usccb.org/beliefs-and-teachings/vocations/ordination-class/upload/Class-of-2015-report-FINAL-V2.pdf, Center for Applied Research in the . At roughly 22% of the population of the United States, Catholicism is the largest religious denomination in the country with approximately 77.4 million members as of 2017. Nicknaming is common, with attributes from childhood or physical appearance as a focus, such as 'Tite Boy, Noir, 'Tite Poop. Although many Creoles reject Cajun sociocultural dominance reflected in the naming of the Region, there is no doubt that Cajuns and rural Black Creoles (outside New Orleans) have interacted culturally to a great degree as evidenced in Cajun/Creole music, food, and language. Louisiana Age Dependency 63.8 Age Dependency Ratio Old Age Dependency Ratio 38.5 Child Dependency Ratio Louisiana Sex Ratio Louisiana Population by Age WebDemographics of Louisiana. In rural French Louisiana, Creoles have historically been farmers and itinerant agricultural laborers raising sugar cane, rice, sweet potatoes, and, more recently, soybeans. sample, one can say with 95% confidence that the maximum error 2014 Population Estimates. That year, the Diocese of Galveston had the fifth-largest Black Catholic population among United States dioceses. It conducts public opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science research. immigrant status among Catholics by stateimmigrant status among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who have a household income of, Compare: Creole and Cajun language use do not correlate to ethnicity on an exact basis. every three Mormons in the United States lives in Utah. In towns and New Orleans, many Creoles have worked as artisans and craftspeople. More than four in ten (41%) identify as Protestant (including 23% who are evangelical and 18% who are non-evangelical), while 11% are Catholic, 1% are Latter-day Saint, and 1% are Orthodox Christians. In some areas candlelit ceremonies are held. Some country estimates differ for two reasons. In 22 of the states, there are "Catholic Ministry Formation Diversity in the Church, as of 7/13/15. Share Save Image. Views of Identity. the Apostolate, 1964 Blog, Diversification. [33] Center for Applied Research in Explore the official statistics for measuring what matters most at work and in life, including: ESG: Environmental, Social and Governance, Tracking Religious Affiliation, State by State, Gallup https://news.gallup.com/poll/12091/Tracking-Religious-Affiliation-State-State.aspx, Gallup World Headquarters, 901 F Street, Washington, D.C., 20001, U.S.A, Faith Renewed? In civilian labor force, total, percent of population age 16 years+, 2017-2021: 58.7%: In civilian labor force, female, percent of population age 16 years+, 2017-2021: 55.1%: Total accommodation and food services sales, 2017 ($1,000) 14,553,042: Total health care and social assistance receipts/revenue, 2017 ($1,000) 34,618,006 Southern Louisiana has the largest per capita Black Catholic population in the country. views about human evolution among Catholics by stateviews about human evolution among adults in Louisiana by religious group, 1615 L St. NW, Suite 800Washington, DC 20036USA Center for Applied Research in the Apostolate. Early Louisiana census reports used racial terms like multre and fmc (free man of color) to indicate Black Creoles, but modern population studies do not specifically identify Black Creoles. Arts. [37] Center for Applied Research in In Baton Rouge, LSU has long been a powerhouse in both collegiate football and basketball. In They were expanded and decorated according to the wealth and needs of the family. Table. For results based on this Statewide, numerous communities have contributed to the history of Black Catholic parishes in Texas. of the 48 continental states (Gallup does not ordinarily interview Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. This analysis includes Gallup data collected on religious Because of French and Spanish heritage, whose descendants are Cajun and French Creole, and later Irish, Italian, Portuguese and German immigrants, there is a majority Roman Catholic population, particularly in the southern part of the state. Center of Applied Research in the views about government aid to the poor among Catholics by stateviews about government aid to the poor among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who say abortion should be, Compare: In New Orleans, jazz has long been created and played by Creoles from Sidney Bechet to Jelly Roll Morton and the Marsalis family. "Spirit Guides and Possession in the New Orleans Black Spiritual Churches." 48% 52% Men Women 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%. ." 1975. There are prehistoric Indian archaeological sites, most notably of the Woodland culture at Poverty Point (designated both a state historic site and a national monument) and the Mississippian culture at Marksville (also a state historic site). The 1980 census does note over 250,000 people who speak some form of French or Creole, mostly in southern Louisiana parishes. Death and burial practices that stand out are the jazz funerals of New Orleansgenerally linked to West African traditions of celebrating the passage of an acclaimed elder. Orientation Diversity, Office of Hispanic Affairs. and Washington -- all western states. religious attendance among Catholics by statereligious attendance among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who pray, Compare: Thomas Jefferson, bought Louisiana from the French emperor Napoleon I. WebCatholic 26%. Gallup data reveal that northeastern states have the greatest views about size of government among Catholics by stateviews about size of government among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who say government aid to the poor, Compare: Diversity in the Church. The aggregate data indicate that more than 9 in 10 residents of Gallup https://news.gallup.com/poll/12091/Tracking-Religious-Affiliation-State-State.aspx Diversity in the Catholic Church in the United States, June 2014, p.8. Among upper-caste Creole families, a marriage into a similar status family or with a White may be regarded as successful. The basic Creole house, especially more elite plantation versions, has become a model for Louisiana suburban subdivisions. Of those freed from slavery, a special class in the French West Indies and Louisiana resulted from relationships characteristically between European planter/mercantile men and African slave or free women. Bishops, Secretariat for Cultural Diversity in the Church. http://nineteensixty-four.blogspot.com/2015/04/data-check-catholic-population-changes.html, [6] For example, 81% of those Masses are in Spanish.54 The average number of people attending Mass on a typical weekend at a Catholic parish is 24%.556,269 parishes, or about 35.5%, serve a particular racial, ethnic, cultural or linguistic community other than Euro-American white Catholics. The stronghold of Creole speaking in southern Louisiana is the plantation region along Bayou Teche, where it is sometimes the first language of Whites as well as Blacks. But religious commitment and religious In New Orleans, the festival draws large numbers of tourists and has a public focus on elite parades. Tennessee (5%), Alabama (6%), South Carolina (6%), Oklahoma (6%), (April 27, 2023). a growing proportion of Americans are saying they do not have a Since French Creoles were the first settlers, planters and leaders of the territory, they have traditionally been well represented in politics. Jazz conjoins European melodies and performance occasions (cotillion, ball, military parade) with African sensibilities of rhythm, ritual/festival performance (originally slave gatherings in public squares), and style. : Our Sunday Visitor, 2015, 427. The presence of a significant Jewish community well established by the early 20th century also made Louisiana unusual among Southern states, although South Carolina and Virginia also had influential populations in some of their major cities from the 18th and 19th centuries. Also called Gombo and couri-veni (for "to go"/"to come" in contrast to aller and venir of standard and dialectical French), various forms of French Creole originated from Contact pidgin language in the slave/plantation spheres of West Africa and the New World. Unlike Haiti, Louisiana Black Catholics have remained more connected to official church practices; thus African retentions are less marked. Margins of sampling error for individual WebWhen Rummel was appointed to New Orleans the Catholic population was estimated at 361,882, out of a total population of nearly one million. South Dakota, Wyoming, and Delaware. U.S. Census Bureau, overwhelmingly in the West. Home altars with saints, statues, and holy water are widely used. (Clive Staples), religion can only change when the emotions which fill it are changed; and the religion of personal fear remains nearly at the level of the savage.George Eliot [Mary Ann (or Marian), Louisiana Coastal Protection and Restoration Authority, Louisiana Constitutional Amendment 1 (2004), Louisiana High School Athletic Association, Louisianalafayette Ragin' Cajuns Baseball. Catholic Schools.University of Notre West Virginia, and Mississippi, three in four residents are In rural plantation areas and some New Orleans Neighborhoods, Creole houses are a regionally distinctive form. To a large exte, Culture Name LANGUAGE: French; 45 local Niger-Congo languages Catholic Directory 1965-2015, [5] In rural plantation areas, Creoles may reside in rows of worker housing or in some cases in inherited owners' homes. Domnguez, Virginia R. (1986). Task Force on the Participation of Latino Children and their Families in Massachusetts, have Jewish populations above the national average. When women do work outside the home, roles as teachers, nurses, and professional support services dominate. states range from 10 percentage points in the District of Enrollment: Statistical Overview for 2013-2014. Louisiana Age Dependency 63.8 Age Dependency Ratio Old Age Dependency Ratio 38.5 Child Dependency Ratio Louisiana Sex Ratio Louisiana Population by Age Put the customer at the core of every part of your organization to deliver exceptional experiences and grow your business. Share. USCCB, Secretariat for Cultural fairly important. One is the Zulu parade, which involves middle- and upper-middle-class participants parodying the White carnival and stereotypes of Blacks by painting their own faces black, wearing wooly wigs and grass skirts, and carrying spears while throwing coconuts to the crowds. Priesthood. Sons. Christian churches are important influences on Louisianas cultural life, especially the Roman Catholic Church in southern Louisiana and the Baptists in northern Louisiana and among African Americans throughout the state. It is one room wide and two or more rooms long. There are also elder Creole speakers in New Orleans. https://www.usccb.org/issues-and-action/cultural-diversity/upload/cultural-diversity-cara-report-phase-1.pdf. The heritage of Louisianas original inhabitants is present in the many Native American place-names that lend colour to the states map. Catholic Population: 45.6 m. Percent of US Population: 24%. views about homosexuality among Catholics by stateviews about homosexuality among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who same-sex marriage, Compare: About one in four Americans are Catholic, which makes it the WebLouisiana Population Pyramid 2023 Louisiana Median Age 37.2 Total 35.9 Male 38.4 Female Louisiana Adults There are 3,567,057 adults, (719,544 of whom are seniors) in Louisiana. 1985. proportion of Americans who say they are Christian but do not give 2013, http://www.census.gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2014/cb14-ff22.html. Historically, the Creole churches and parishes, especially those in rural areas and some poorer urban neighborhoods, have been viewed by the church as missionary districts. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Two percent of multiracial Americans are Buddhist, and 1% each are Jewish, Muslim, and Hindu. most Protestant tend to be the least Catholic. About 70% serve Spanish-speaking Catholics.56As of 2013, the estimated number of lay ecclesial ministers in the United States was approximately 38,000 (2.1 per parish). The word may have African root forms, but in Louisiana folk etymology it is attributed to the proverbial phrase les haricots sont pas sales ("no salt in the beans") referring to hard times when no salt meat was available. parental status among Catholics by stateparental status among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who say they, Compare: For instance, most of the early governors were French Creole Catholics. WebGrowth of the Catholic population over the years: 4 1965. (Clive Staples), My religion is no garment to be put on and off with the weather. These hierarchical groups use esoteric language, call/response singing, and complex drumming to express personal worth through performance and pride among associations of men who are often Otherwise excluded from mainstream social acceptance. [46] To Nurture the Soul of a Nation:Latino Families, Catholic Schools and Educational Opportunity.A report of the University of Notre Dame http://nineteensixty-four.blogspot.com/2010/08/diversification.html, (Note: Millennial = people born after 1982), USCCB, Secretariat for Cultural Apostolate, The Class of 2015, Survey of Ordinands to the However, the date of retrieval is often important. Historic rural outlier settlements are also found on the north shore of Lake Pontchartrain and in northern Louisiana in the Cane River area south of Natchitoches. Of these, the shotgun shows particular Louisiana characteristics that relate it to the dwellings in the Caribbean and West Africa. Despite this, the traditional gender gap still persists, with men overall more likely to support Bush and women more likely to support Kerry. Frequently [43] Matovina, Timothy.Latino Kin Groups and Descent. There are many public parks and gardens, and the state is advertised as a sportsmans paradise for hunting and fishing. attendance at prayer groups among Catholics by stateattendance at prayer groups among adults in Louisiana by religious group, % of Catholics who are in Louisiana who meditate, Compare: USCCB, Secretariat for Cultural [15] After Brazil, Mexico, and the Philippines, the US comprises of the worlds fourth-largest Catholic population. of the extraordinarily high prevalence of Mormons in Utah, only Although nowadays constituting only a plurality but not a majority of Louisiana's population, Catholics have continued to be influential in state politics. 18.5% were born in the U.S. and 4.3% were born outside the U.S. Protestants are concentrated in the northern and central parts of the state and in the northern tier of the Florida Parishes. Today, the old association of "Creole" with strictly European populations of the ancien rgime is vestigialthough clung to by some Whites. Alternative Names Read more about this topic: Louisiana, Culture, Never has any one been less a priest than Jesus, never a greater enemy of forms, which stifle religion under the pretext of protecting it. Creoles are, like most southern Louisianians, predominantly Catholic. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Apostolate. Catholic http://nineteensixty-four.blogspot.com/2010/08/diversification.html(Note: Millennial = people born after 1982), [27] USCCB, Secretariat for Cultural POPULATION: 8,924,553 The most significant of these is the Jewish community of the New Orleans area, with a pre-Katrina population of about 12,000. The high proportion and influence of the Catholic population makes Louisiana distinct among Southern states. Although Houston has a Creole-influenced Black neighborhood, in West Coast cities people are affiliated through networks maintained in Catholic churches, schools, and dance halls. Sample size = 130. Several northeastern York and New Jersey have the highest proportion of Jews. Understand the culture you have, define the one you want and make your organizational identity a competitive advantage. level, and no state falls below 76% in attachment to Christianity. Among those eighteenth- and nineteenth-century Louisiana Creoles with African ancestry, a higher percentage than in the rest of the American South was freed from slavery in Louisiana, owing in part to French and Spanish attitudes toward acknowledgment of social and biological mingling. Statistics, Cultural (approx. Survey year Religion Philosophy/reason Common sense . Some families obtained land after the Civil War through "forty acres and a mule" redistribution. [11] Louisiana has produced a number of important literary figures, including Truman Capote and Ernest J. Gaines. Creole music is often associated with carnival occasions. There is a tendency to stay within or near Creole settlements and Neighborhoods. Idaho also Industrial Arts. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. WebWhen Louisiana became a French crown colony in 1731, its population had grown from fewer than 1,000 to nearly 8,000, including slaves. for Applied Research in the Apostolate, Emerging Models WebEarly Louisiana census reports used racial terms like multre and fmc (free man of color) to indicate Black Creoles, but modern population studies do not specifically identify Black Creoles. Prominent Jews in Louisiana's political leadership have included Whig (later Democrat) Judah P. Benjamin (18111884), who represented Louisiana in the U.S. Senate prior to the American Civil War and then became the Confederate Secretary of State; Democrat Adolph Meyer (18421908), Confederate Army officer who represented the state in the U.S. House from 1891 until his death in 1908; and Republican Secretary of State Jay Dardenne (1954). [50] U.S. Census Bureau National Cajun French is the most widely spoken French language variety throughout rural southern Louisiana. religious preference at all. Orthodox Christian < 1%. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Death and Afterlife. Our state profiles bring you all key population characteristics of your state and your county on one page. Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints < 1%. Information source: The Official In its mingling of styles to create a new music, jazz is analogous to Black Creole history and culture and is truly a Creole music that has transformed America and the world. Identify and enable future-ready leaders who can inspire exceptional performance. Hunting and, to a lesser extent, fishing may also add to the household economy. the Apostolate, CARA Catholic Poll, Georgetown University, 2010. largest single religious denomination in the United States. +1 202.715.3030. College, CARA. Population Projections, 2014. with a Christian religion. The states with the greatest number of Protestants are
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