The spectacular conquests of central Mexico (151921) and Peru (1532) sparked Spaniards' hopes of finding yet another high civilization. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like An unintended but very real consequence of the Great Awakening was that it reduced colonial impulses toward democracy in civic life, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the political dynamic in the colonies, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the slave economies of colonial North America and more. chapter one Inquizitive questions Flashcards | Quizlet The diocesan clergy) (also called the secular clergy were under the direct authority of bishops, who were appointed by the crown, through the power granted by the pope in the Patronato Real. If you're seeing this message, it means we're having trouble loading external resources on our website. It was the first step in a long campaign that took decades of fighting to subdue the mightiest empire in the Americas. Select the correct answer. In the eighteenth-century reforms, the Viceroyalty of Peru was reorganized, splitting off portions to form the Viceroyalty of New Granada (Colombia) (1739) and the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata (Argentina) (1776), leaving Peru with jurisdiction over Peru, Charcas, and Chile. More spanish blood equaled more power. Columbus's discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Unlike Spanish expansion in the Caribbean, which involved limited armed combat and sometimes the participation of indigenous allies, the conquest of central Mexico was protracted and necessitated indigenous allies who chose to participate for their own purposes. [103] Based in Castile, with the assignment of the governance of the Indies, it was thus responsible for drafting legislation, proposing the appointments to the King for civil government as well as ecclesiastical appointments, and pronouncing judicial sentences; as maximum authority in the overseas territories, the Council of the Indies took over both the institutions in the Indies as the defense of the interests of the Crown, the Catholic Church, and of indigenous peoples. Ovando fitted out Magellan's voyage of circumnavigation, and became the first President of the Council of the Indies in 1524. [47] An earlier expedition that left in 1527 was led by Pnfilo Navez, who was killed early on. MacIas, Rosario Marquez; Macas, Rosario Mrquez (1995). The Spanish took advantage of a recent civil war between the factions of the two brothers Emperor Atahualpa and Huscar, and the enmity of indigenous nations the Incas had subjugated, such as the Huancas, Chachapoyas, and Caaris. There is indirect evidence that the first permanent Spanish mainland settlement established in the Americas was Santa Mara la Antigua del Darin. The salary of officials during the Habsburg era were paltry, but the corregidor or alcalde mayor in densely populated areas of indigenous settlement with a valuable product could use his office for personal enrichment. . Venezuela: The Colonial Era in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like In addition to new intellectual developments and scientific discoveries, the expansion of Europe into the Americas was aided by which of the following desires and impulses among many Europeans?, By making desertion near impossible, Corts was able to create an environment in which his followers understood conquest as a necessity . The crown aimed to prevent the formation of an aristocracy in the Indies not under crown control. The Spanish Empire could not have ruled these vast territories and dense indigenous populations without utilizing the existing indigenous political and economic structures at the local level. Spanish Colonies | United States History I Enslaved Africans were imported to Spanish territories, primarily to Cuba. The structure of the hierarchy was in many ways parallel to that of civil governance. [43] In 1521, Ponce de Leon was killed while trying to establish a settlement near what is now Charlotte Harbor, Florida. "Peace by purchase" ended the conflict. [46] In 1561, Pedro de Ursa led an expedition of some 370 Spanish (including women and children) into Amazonia to search for El Dorado. David Stannard historian and professor of American Studies at the University of Hawaii compares the genocidal process in two cases of colonization, and says that the British did not need massive labor as the Spanish, but land: "And therein lies the central difference between the genocide committed by the Spanish and that of the Anglo-Americans . Figure 1. [166], For the independence era, the 2016 Bolivian-made film made about Mestiza independence leader Juana Azurduy de Padilla is part of the recent recognition of her role in the independence of Argentina and Bolivia.[167]. God, Gold, and Glory. Archbishop Juan Rodrguez de Fonseca, Isabella's confessor, was tasked with reining in Columbus's independence. as Spaniards expanded their control over territories and their indigenous populations. Question 2. [123], As the empire expanded into areas of less dense indigenous populations, the crown created a chain of presidios, military forts or garrisons, that provided Spanish settlers protection from Indian attacks. For the colony's continued existence, a reliable source of labor was needed. The first mainland explorations by Spaniards were followed by a phase of inland expeditions and conquest. [49] Juan de Oate, is sometimes referred to as "the Last Conquistador",[50] expanded Spanish sovereignty over what is now New Mexico. The reorganization of administration has been called "a revolution in government. Chipman, Donald E. and Joseph, Harriett Denise. the stock market crash of 1929 caused the great depression. 15501600) to subdue them, but peace was only achieved by Spaniards making significant donations of food and other commodities the Chichimeca demanded. Direct link to David Alexander's post The Central African Empir, Posted 3 years ago. The crown set the indigenous communities legally apart from Spaniards (as well as Blacks), who made up the Repblica de Espaoles, with the creation of the Repblica de Indios. The most prominent example is in Puebla, Mexico, when Bishop Juan de Palafox y Mendoza was driven from his bishopric by the Jesuits. In Peru, the attempt of the newly appointed viceroy, Blasco Nez Vela, to implement the New Laws so soon after the conquest sparked a revolt by conquerors against the viceroy and the viceroy was killed in 1546. It was translated quickly to English and became the basis for the anti-Spanish writings, collectively known as the Black Legend. [40], One of the colonists who conquered Puerto Rico, Juan Ponce de Len, is commonly given credit for being the first European to sight Florida in 1513. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions (entradas) of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. The Spanish colonization effort differed from those of the French and Dutch mainly because Spain created a massive empire. [32] With a hostile indigenous population, no obvious mineral or other exploitable resources, and little strategic value, Chile was a fringe area of colonial Spanish America, hemmed in geographically by the Andes to the east, Pacific Ocean to the west, and indigenous to the south. The pope was the head of the Catholic Church, but the granting of the Patronato Real to the Spanish monarchy gave the king the power of appointment (patronage) of ecclesiastics. The individual leaders of expeditions assumed the expenses of the venture and in return received as reward the grant from the government of the conquered territories;[69] and in addition, they received instructions about treating the indigenous peoples. The profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. The utter devastation caused by the white man was literally incredible, and not until the population figures are examined does the extent of the havoc become evident. "Not a Man of Contradiction: Zumrraga as Protector and Inquisitor of the Indigenous People of Central Mexico." How did the Golden Age of Spain communicate similar ideals to that of the Spanish colonization project? Spain was driven by three main motivations. Direct link to Jude's post I believe the caste syste, Posted 5 years ago. The film starred Robert De Niro, Jeremy Irons, and Liam Neeson and It won an Academy Award. Equally important, rich deposits of the valuable metal silver. In 1898, the United States achieved victory in the SpanishAmerican War with Spain, ending the Spanish colonial era. The Mixtecs of colonial Oaxaca: udzahui history, sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. They were predominantly criollos (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country. Expeditions continued to explore territories in hopes of finding another Aztec or Inca empire, with no further success. [29], Between 1537 and 1543, six[citation needed] Spanish expeditions entered highland Colombia, conquered the Muisca Confederation, and set up the New Kingdom of Granada (Spanish: Nuevo Reino de Granada). Inquisitional powers were initially vested in bishops, who could root out idolatry and heresy. Corregidores collected the tribute from indigenous communities and regulated forced indigenous labor. Survivors continued to travel among indigenous groups in the North American south and southwest until 1536. [119] Their functions were governing the respective municipalities, administering of justice and being appellate judges in the alcaldes menores' judgments,[120] but only the corregidor could preside over the cabildo. respond to failed pueblo revolt in 1598?, The ---1-- of the Spanish Armada by the --2-- empire demonstrated a more --3-- ships against a much larger warships. The leader of an expedition, the adelantado was a senior with material wealth and standing who could persuade the crown to issue him a license for an expedition. Ships and cargoes were registered, and emigrants vetted to prevent migration of anyone not of old Christian heritage, (i.e., with no Jewish or Muslim ancestry), and facilitated the migration of families and women. "Papal Responsibility for the Infidel: Another Look at Alexander VI's" Inter Caetera"." Please help this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. The composition of the expedition was the standard pattern, with a senior leader, and participating men investing in the enterprise with the full expectation of rewards if they did not lose their lives. Direct link to 27juliak's post Is there any instances wh, Posted 2 years ago. Chapter 2: England's Colonies Flashcards | Quizlet A well-connected settler in Cuba, Hernn Corts received authorization in 1519 by the governor of Cuba to form an expedition of exploration-only to this far western region. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like How did Spanish colon. [164] Seventeenth-century Mexican trickster Martn Garatuza was the subject of a late nineteenth-century novel by Mexican politician and writer, Vicente Riva Palacio. Spalding, Karen. Q3: Option B. A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. Lockhart, James. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. New York: Cambridge University Press 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1971 (, Kuethe, Allan J. 1875. From the Spanish viewpoint, their source of labor and viability of their own settlements was at risk. The Habsburg dynastywho ruled over the territories of Austria, the Netherlands, Naples, Sicily, and Spainencouraged and financed a blossoming Spanish Renaissance culture, both, One of this periods most famous works is the novel. Europeans imported enslaved Africans to the early Caribbean settlements to replace indigenous labor and enslaved and free Africans were part of colonial-era populations. A checkerboard pattern radiated outward. Dressing, J. David. 37 Questions Show answers. There were few Spaniards and huge indigenous populations, so utilizing indigenous intermediaries was a practical solution to the incorporation of the indigenous population into the new regime of rule. [121] However, both charges were also put up for sale freely since the late 16th century. Practices like forced labor and slavery for resource extraction, and forced resettlement in new villages and later missions were common during the first decades of colonization. From decades of research, he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. Since in central and southern Mexico (Mesoamerica) and the highland Andes indigenous peoples had existing traditions of payment of tribute and required labor service, the Spanish could tap into these systems to extract wealth. Lockhart and Schwartz, Early Latin America, pp. Once the Aztec Empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. Powers, Stephen. [33] It was governed by the president of the Audiencia of Bogot, and comprised an area corresponding mainly to modern-day Colombia and parts of Venezuela. Charles sought to be elected Holy Roman Emperor and was willing to pay whatever it took to achieve that. Vol. Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnson. Spaniards also imported citrus trees, establishing orchards of oranges, lemons, and limes, and grapefruit. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press|1985. As a result of Spanish colonization of the New World, there was a Many institutions established in Castile found expression in The Indies from the early colonial period. Viceroys were of high social standing, almost without exception born in Spain, and served fixed terms. Spaniards and Indigenous parents produced Mestizo offspring, who were also part of the Repblica de Espaoles. [122], Most Spanish settlers came to the Indies as permanent residents, established families and businesses, and sought advancement in the colonial system, such as membership of cabildos, so that they were in the hands of local, American-born (crillo) elites. What Impact Did Spanish Colonization Have On The Western Part Of North [15], Spaniards spent over 25 years in the Caribbean where their initial high hopes of dazzling wealth gave way to continuing exploitation of disappearing indigenous populations, exhaustion of local gold mines, initiation of cane sugar cultivation as an export product, and forced migration of enslaved Africans as a labor force. The Biological Exchange, also called the Columbian Exchange, was a global transfer of plants, such as Native American corn and potatoes, and animals, such as European horses, that revolutionized agriculture and hunting in both Europe and the Americas. Residences of the officials and elites were closest to the main square. The exchange did not go one way. Hispanic Research Journal 13, no. Colonial America | American History Quiz - Quizizz Warren, J. Benedict. The bishop challenged the Jesuits' continuing to hold Indian parishes and function as priests without the required royal licenses. During a financial crisis in the late seventeenth century, the crown began selling Audiencia appointments, and American-born Spaniards held 45% of Audiencia appointments. Crown approval through the Council of the Indies was needed for the establishment of bishoprics, building of churches, appointment of all clerics. [citation needed], Of the history of the indigenous population of California, Sherburne F. Cook (18961974) was the most painstakingly careful researcher. answer choices. Western Venezuela's history took an atypical direction in 1528, when Spain's first Hapsburg monarch, Charles I granted rights to colonize to the German banking family of the Welsers. Columbus had promised the crown that the region he now controlled held a huge treasure in the form of gold and spices. While chartered by the Crown, English colonization was funded by joint-stock companies, groups of investors eager for profits. Direct link to Stephen White's post I've read that the reason, Posted 3 years ago. [153] A 2010 film, Even the Rain starring Gael Garca Bernal, is set in modern Cochabamba, Bolivia during the Cochabamba Water War, following a film crew shooting a controversial life of Columbus. Treasury officials were supposed to be paid out of the income from the province, and were normally prohibited from engaging in income-producing activities.[76]. 1492: La Navidad is established on the island of Hispaniola; it was destroyed by the following year. Spain also produced impressive art at this time. These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas.
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