_________ is defined as the perception of membership in a group that is part of an encompassing culture. teaches its members how to behave and conditions their reactions. For example, Japan has a more individualistic approach to problem solving, whereas China and South Korea tend to be more collectivist. However, the concept may also apply to corporations, professions and other cultural groups, as well as to settings such as online and offline communication. 31. They also depend little. The theory of Hofstede's cultural dimensions constitutes a framework revolving around cross-cultural communication, which was devised by Geert Hofstede. A further and recent approach is comparative cultural studies, based on the disciplines of comparative literature and cultural studies.[51]. Collectivism I: (Institutional) The degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action. Choose two phrases to form a sentence that correctly uses a word from Word List 6. d. of the following countries would be considered individualistic cultures: Which Required fields are marked *. The level of cultural sophistication has also sometimes been used to distinguish civilizations from less complex societies. [19] "Stimulus diffusion" (the sharing of ideas) refers to an element of one culture leading to an invention or propagation in another. The most important cultural dimension is. I feel like its a lifeline. 40. [63] Cultural lenses may also make people view the same outcome of events differently. [71][72][73], This article is about culture as used in the social sciences and humanities. Collectivism II: (In-Group) The degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty, and cohesiveness in their organizations or families. Finally, globalization has had both positive and negative impacts on the culture, providing opportunities for cultural exchange but also posing challenges for preserving a high context culture. Keep these four metrics in mind as you study high-context cultures: 1. Preferring indirect verbal interaction, c.Placing emphasis on written information. Family and community play an important role in shaping the culture of Japan. comes from an orderly system of government and laws. Mass culture refers to the mass-produced and mass mediated forms of consumer culture that emerged in the 20th century. refers to the degree to which a person identifies with a particular group. All of the following have been victims of trademark trolling in McClenon, James. Time orientation These scholars reject the abstracted postmodern aspects of cultural sociology, and instead, look for a theoretical backing in the more scientific vein of social psychology and cognitive science.[41]. For instance, relationships between popular culture, political control, and social class were early and lasting concerns in the field. They are characterized by shared values, norms, and beliefs that develop over time. In the wider social sciences, the theoretical perspective of cultural materialism holds that human symbolic culture arises from the material conditions of human life, as humans create the conditions for physical survival, and that the basis of culture is found in evolved biological dispositions. Societies that have small power distance possess the following features: Participative or consultative style of management; Decision-making responsibility and authority decentralized; Questioning the authority and lack of acceptance; Tolerance toward differing opinions and behaviors. a. _________ 1) answer: b) Chinese and e) Japanese Explanation Chinese and Japanese have a high-context culture as communi . a. These practices comprise the ways people do particular things (such as watching television or eating out) in a given culture. High-Context Culture: 4 Characteristics of High-Context Cultures Equally, this view often portrayed indigenous peoples as "noble savages" living authentic and unblemished lives, uncomplicated and uncorrupted by the highly stratified capitalist systems of the West. assume that the listener understands if he or she nods and smiles in agreement. Empathetic senders consider how the receiver will decode the message and try, As you first begin the composition process, which of the following questions should you ask yourself? b. d. As a first step to gauge leader effectiveness across cultures, GLOBE empirically established nine cultural dimensions that make it possible to capture the similarities and/or differences in norms, values, beliefs and practicesamong societies. Members of the culture place emphasis on interpersonal relationships. High-context and low-context cultures - Wikipedia Which of the following is an example of an export control? Which of the following is an example of an. Advance Your Career", "A Physicist Experiments with Cultural Studies", "A Methodological Framework for the Sociology of Culture", "UNESCO Legal Instruments: Second Protocol to the Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict 1999", "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon". Relying on context and feeling 35. Analyzing Adapting Anticipating, Adapting your message to the task and audience requires empathy, which means putting yourself in the other person's shoes. Chinese social culture avoids direct communication because it can be socially awkward and uncomfortable. Such perspectives are common in the discipline of cultural studies. Answer: c. Businesses today generate a wide range of messages using a variety of media. Franz Boas (18581942) was trained in this tradition, and he brought it with him when he left Germany for the United States. Major trends in today's dynamic world of work include increased emphasis on self-directed work groups and virtual teams, heightened global competition, innovative communication technologies, new work environments, and focus on. Chapter 1 Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet Power Distance Index & Examples | What is Power Distance? [14] In this context, modernization could be viewed as adoption of Enlightenment era beliefs and practices, such as science, rationalism, industry, commerce, democracy, and the notion of progress. Tylor, it is "that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, morals, law, custom and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. To be cultural, to have a culture, is to inhabit a place sufficiently intensely to cultivate itto be responsible for it, to respond to it, to attend to it caringly."[8]. Do I really want to write this message? Answer Key. Culture (/kltr/) is an umbrella term which encompasses the social behavior, institutions, and norms found in human societies, as well as the knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, customs, capabilities, and habits of the individuals in these groups. A comparatively static, more conventional mentality; Emphasis on reciprocation of gifts, favors, and greetings; Negative association with economic growth. These forces are related to both social structures and natural events, and are involved in the perpetuation of cultural ideas and practices within current structures, which themselves are subject to change. These critics considered folk music (as produced by "the folk," i.e., rural, illiterate, peasants) to honestly express a natural way of life, while classical music seemed superficial and decadent. Diverse organizations create products demanded by consumers and experience improved employee relationships and increased productivity. The main focus of an orthodox Marxist approach concentrates on the production of meaning. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movementssuch as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empiredeveloped a more inclusive notion of culture as "worldview" (Weltanschauung). Thus, there is now a growing group of sociologists of culture who are, confusingly, not cultural sociologists. They also depend little on the context of a situation to convey their meaning. Cultures are externally affected via contact between societies. Ethnocentrism causes us to judge others by our own values. It is also used to denote the complex networks of practices and accumulated knowledge and ideas that are transmitted through social interaction and exist in specific human groups, or cultures, using the plural form. Because of technology, all workers will write more on the job and use a wider range of communication channels, including letters, memos, e-mails, wikis, texts, instant messages, and blogs. Create your account. ),[54] which seeks to challenge the notion that those who produce commodities control the meanings that people attribute to them. of the following countries would be considered low-context cultures: The Developers of social media should use the same design principles for all audiences. mass culture). Gender Egalitarianism: The degree to which a collective minimizes gender inequality. In contrast, low-context cultures rely on explicit verbal communication. Communicators from North America, Scandinavia, and Germany tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented. The sociology of culture grew from the intersection between sociology (as shaped by early theorists like Marx,[42] Durkheim, and Weber) with the growing discipline of anthropology, wherein researchers pioneered ethnographic strategies for describing and analyzing a variety of cultures around the world. High-context communication relies on a high degree of commonality between the individuals. Answer: d. Low-context Some other, communication and collaborative technologies being used today include social media, Web and voice conferencing, blogs, wikis, podcasts, and social, Communicators from North America, Scandinavia, and Germany tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented. Tolerance 2) (b) Impunity is \qquad (d) the inability to break a habit. After you have finished with this lesson, you should be able to: 10 chapters | Masculine vs. Feminine Cultures: Distinctions & Communication Styles. [16], Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. See Page 1. Benevolence has little or no significance; Much value is associated with mastery of people, nature, job, and the like; Sense of humor, intelligence, affection, personality are considered preferred characteristic traits of a boyfriend by the women; Understanding, wealth, and health are considered desirable characteristic traits of a husband by the women. Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? d. For example, after tropical forests returned at the end of the last ice age, plants suitable for domestication were available, leading to the invention of agriculture, which in turn brought about many cultural innovations and shifts in social dynamics. The Japanese language provides clues to its high context nature. Members of ingroups usually share many characteristics and experiences. Westerners are more motivated by their successes than their failures, while East Asians are better motivated by the avoidance of failure. __________ fleeting. ", "a particular way of life, whether of a people, period or a group. 34. Which Because of social media, communicators can now reach out to larger and more varied audiences than in the past. c. These cultures engage in the calculation of profit and loss prior to engagement in a behavior. New York: J.P. Putnam's Son, Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203, Kant, Immanuel. is created by a structured educational system. a. However, some other species have demonstrated similar, though much less complicated, abilities for social learning. 39. These include expressive forms like art, music, dance, ritual, religion, and technologies like tool usage, cooking, shelter, and clothing. Social media always makes individuals of various cultures feel connected. "Answering the Question: What is Enlightenment?" Exploring the Benefits of Probiotics in Greek Yogurt, Who Invented the Pythagoras Theorem? Which of the following is not a dimension of culture? Power distance In a Marxist view, the mode and relations of production form the economic base of society, which constantly interacts and influences superstructures, such as culture. The Role of Perception & Bias in Intercultural Communication. d. China EXCEPT. For sociologist Georg Simmel (18581918), culture referred to "the cultivation of individuals through the agency of external forms which have been objectified in the course of history. [40] Culture has since become an important concept across many branches of sociology, including resolutely scientific fields like social stratification and social network analysis. Get unlimited access to over 88,000 lessons. Presence technology, videoconferencing, and cloud computing are communication technologies being used by many companies today. increasing levels of management. This E-mail is already registered with us. This included overtly political, left-wing views, and criticisms of popular culture as "capitalist" mass culture; it absorbed some of the ideas of the Frankfurt School critique of the "culture industry" (i.e. A cultural norm codifies acceptable conduct in society; it serves as a guideline for behavior, dress, language, and demeanor in a situation, which serves as a template for expectations in a social group. (a)To maintain good relations with trading partners, (c) To support its domestic industries that use minerals, (d) To increase global supply and reduce the price, Answer- 1) Which country is high context culture? Japan Which word would be, To prevent reactions due to language usage, Peter should probably use "layoff" to describe his company's need to let go of employees. b.Ethnocentrism does not exist in today's culturally diverse workplace. [65][66] The Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions deal with the protection of culture. There are a lot of countries in the world that are culturally high context and some are low context. So far as tasks in life are concerned, virtue comprises acquiring skills, working hard, education, being wise in spending as well as showing perseverance and patience. b. These communicators represent what kind of culture? [1] Culture is often originated from or attributed to a specific region or location. Low-context Select an answer and submit. Additionally, the language includes a variety of honorifics, which are used to show respect to the person being spoken to. For uses in the natural sciences, see, Early researchers and development of cultural sociology, Tylor, Edward. United States b. Germany c. Norway d. Japan ANSWER: RATIONALE: Japan, along with China and Arab countries, is a high-context culture.d. [49] Similarly, the discipline widens the concept of culture. [2] It also studies the meanings and uses people attribute to various objects and practices. As the field developed, it began to combine political economy, communication, sociology, social theory, literary theory, media theory, film/video studies, cultural anthropology, philosophy, museum studies, and art history to study cultural phenomena or cultural texts. Businesses today generate a wide range of messages using a variety of media. Roger OKeefe, Camille Pron, Tofig Musayev, Gianluca Ferrari "Protection of Cultural Property. Culture, for a cultural-studies researcher, not only includes traditional high culture (the culture of ruling social groups)[50] and popular culture, but also everyday meanings and practices. "[9] Alternatively, in a contemporary variant, "Culture is defined as a social domain that emphasizes the practices, discourses and material expressions, which, over time, express the continuities and discontinuities of social meaning of a life held in common. Thus a contrast between "culture" and "civilization" is usually implied in these authors, even when not expressed as such. Stress on horizontal relationships (such as the relationship between spouse and spouse) rather than vertical relationships (such as the relationship between parent and child). Humane Orientation: The degree to which a collective encourages and rewards individuals for being fair, altruistic, generous, caring, and kind to others. High context cultures are those in which communication is largely implied rather than explicit. d. Japan. Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? Additionally, the language provides clues to its high context nature, and family and community play an important role in shaping the culture. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, other critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects. Self-sufficiency and value independence, and placement of self-interest over collective interest. For example, the U.S. feminist movement involved new practices that produced a shift in gender relations, altering both gender and economic structures. d. b. [25] This view paved the way for the modern understanding of culture. From the 1970s onward, Stuart Hall's pioneering work, along with that of his colleagues Paul Willis, Dick Hebdige, Tony Jefferson, and Angela McRobbie, created an international intellectual movement. Rather than being individualistic, they have an increased inclination towards conformity; Increased concern regarding in-group members. d. Low-context 36. In high-context cultures (such as those in Japan, China, and Arab countries), the listener is already "contexted" and does not need to be given much background information [3]. This type of cultural sociology may be loosely regarded as an approach incorporating cultural analysis and critical theory. On the one hand, it has opened up opportunities for cultural exchange, allowing people to learn more about different cultures. Low Context Culture: Examples, Definition & Countries Future Orientation: The extent to which individuals engage in future-oriented behaviors such as delaying gratification, planning, and investing in the future. Humane Orientation: The degree to which people encourage others to be fair, altruistic, friendly, generous, caring, and king, The "Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness" (GLOBE) Research Program was conceived in 1991 by Robert J. They build on findings by Hofstede (1980), Schwartz (1994), Smith (1995), Inglehart (1997), and others. As a result, employers need employees who can write because today's digital media requires more written communication than ever. and how much they try to avoid them is known as: ______ We will look at how the country's culture . Norway High-context cultures promote the development of ingroups. [3] Cultures are internally affected by both forces encouraging change and forces resisting change. c. Expert Answer. This strain of thinking has some influence from the Frankfurt School, but especially from the structuralist Marxism of Louis Althusser and others. Answer: a. teaches its members how to behave and conditions their reactions. Writing is a skill set used only by managers and corporate executives. Which of the following is one of the strategies Which of the following countries would be considered individualistic cultures: Which of the following countries would be considered low-context cultures: The degree to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous . Answer: Social media are playing an increasingly prominent role in business. 231 lessons. Mexico Answer: c. Tolerance b. The concept of material culture covers the physical expressions of culture, such as technology, architecture and art, whereas the immaterial aspects of culture such as principles of social organization (including practices of political organization and social institutions), mythology, philosophy, literature (both written and oral), and science comprise the intangible cultural heritage of a society.[5]. They show hostility or indifference toward out-group members; Emphasis on harmony and hierarchy within group; Regulation of behavior with the help of group norms. The transnational flow of culture has played a major role in merging different cultures and sharing thoughts, ideas, and beliefs. Communications in Business Chapter 1 Quiz Flashcards | Quizlet Communicators in low-context cultures tend to be logical, analytical, and action oriented. Culture is the set of knowledge acquired over time. "[39] As such, culture in the sociological field can be defined as the ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together shape a people's way of life. [55], Petrakis and Kostis (2013) divide cultural background variables into two main groups:[56]. [26], In the 19th century, humanists such as English poet and essayist Matthew Arnold (18221888) used the word "culture" to refer to an ideal of individual human refinement, of "the best that has been thought and said in the world. on the context of a situation to convey their meaning. Japan, along with China and Arab countries, is a high-context culture. These communicators represent what kind of culture? 32. High context cultures are those in which communication is largely implied rather than explicit. The GLOBE Project Overview & Behavior Styles | What is the GLOBE Project? originally meant the cultivation of the soul or mind, acquires most of its later modern meaning in the writings of the 18th-century German thinkers, who were on various levels developing Rousseau's criticism of "modern liberalism and Enlightenment." Write the correct word in the space next to given definition. Which of the following countries represents a high-context culture? To begin our exploration of Japans high context culture, we must first compare it to other high context cultures. They are: Power Distance: The degree to which members of a collective expect power to be distributed equally. "[24] He proposed that a scientific comparison of all human societies would reveal that distinct worldviews consisted of the same basic elements. Every country has a unique culture or common heritage that. This article will explore which of the following countries represents a high context culture, taking Japan as an example. Vol 1. Answer: d. Japan Ancient Economics questions and answers. Click Registration to join us and share your expertise with our readers.). 1) Which of the following countries is considered a high-context culture? Which of the following countries represents a high - Course Hero Environmental conditions may also enter as factors. a. [vii], [ii] online.seu.edu/articles/high-and-low-context-cultures/, [iii] courses.candelalearning.com/-by-culture-2/, [iv] https://www.cleverism.com/understanding-cultures-people-hofstede-dimensions/, [v] courses.candelalearning.com/-by-culture-2/, [vi] http://tevinsic.blogspot.com/2012/03/cultural-patterns-and-communication_02.html, [vii] https://www.inspireimagineinnovate.com/pdf/globesummary-by-michael-h-hoppe.pdf.
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