Being an important transportation centre of Ukraine, many different means of transportation are available in Kharkiv. Is Kharkov same as Kharkiv? [32] By December 1919 Soviet authority was restored. Heres why. In addition, the city has a number of scientific research institutions, a park of physical culture, and a botanical garden. One battle in Kharkiv shows how Ukraine is fighting back against the Kotlyarevsky, Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, List of twin towns and sister cities in Ukraine, Grigoriev Institute for Medical Radiology, Another 48 streets and 5 districts "decommunized" in Kharkiv, It was decided not to rename the Zhovtnevyi and the Frunzenskyi districts in Kharkiv, Terekhov officially became the mayor of Kharkiv, Kernes' bloc nominated Terekhov as a candidate for mayor, Ukraine's second Winter Olympics: one medal, some good performances, Kharkiv "never had eastern-western conflicts", . Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. [111] Video purported to record explosions and fire at the plant on 25 and 27 February 2022. The city is in the northeast of the Ukraine. [78], Although never attaining the level of protest witnessed in Kyiv and in communities further west, following the disputed 2012 Parliamentary elections public opposition to President Yanukovych and his party surfaced in Kharkiv amid accusations of systematic corruption and of sabotaging prospects for new ties to the European Union. [112][113] UNESCO has confirmed that in the first three weeks of bombardment the city experienced the loss or damage of at least 27 major historical buildings. Glantz, David M.. .. In 1689 the fortress was expanded to include the Intercession Cathedral and Monastery, which became a seat of a local church hierarch, the Protopope. The most successful is FC Dynamo Kharkiv that won eight national titles back in the 1920s1930s. Just 30 miles from the border and largely Russian speaking, Kharkiv has long been considered an obvious target for this invasion. "Control over Kharkiv is completely ours! The 2010 competition was cancelled by the Ukrainian Ministry of Culture two days before its opening. - ", " " - ". However, with the election of a new otaman, Tymish Lavrynov, relations appear to have been repaired, the Tsar in Moscow granting the community's request (signed by the deans of the new Assumption Cathedral and parish churches of Annunciation and Trinity) to establish a local market. Kharkiv Innitiatives! Russia Is Destroying Kharkiv - The New York Times Kharkiv, about 18 miles (30km) from Ukraine's eastern border, has long been a majority Russian-speaking city. A Russian-orchestrated attempt to take over the city had failed in 2014, but, just to the east of Kharkiv, an occupation regime was established, and a shooting war went on for eight years. [216][217][218][219] There are large stables and horse riding facilities at Feldman Ecopark in Kharkiv.[220]. 1. outline [] The Kharkov People's Republic is an unrecognized state founded on April 7, 2014 after some pro-Russian demonstrators in protest against the Euromaidan revolution occupied the Kharkiv provincial government building . [181] Museums in the city include: Of the many attractions of the Kharkiv city are the: Dormition Cathedral, Annunciation Cathedral, Derzhprom building, Freedom Square, Taras Shevchenko Monument, Mirror Stream, Historical Museum, Choral Synagogue, T.Shevchenko Gardens, Zoo, Children's narrow-gauge railroad, World War I Tank Mk V, Memorial Complex, and many more. . ", " - , , , , 2017, 2017, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ", " . [68] This was accelerated by the intra-party coup attempt against President Mikhail Gorbachev and his reforms on August 18, 1991, during which Ivashko temporarily replaced by Gorbachev as CPSU General Secretary. Kharkiv, Russian Kharkov, city, northeastern Ukraine. Kharkiv, which is near the Russian border and only 80 kilometers (50 miles) southwest of the Russian city of Belgorod, has undergone weeks of intense shelling. It has a major airport as well. In 1765 Kharkiv was established as the seat of a separate Sloboda Ukraine Governorate. Ukrainian officials say a Russian missile has hit a museum building in the north of the country, killing at least two and wounding 10 other people, This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/place/Kharkiv-Ukraine, Official Site of the City Council of Kharkiv, Ukraine, Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine - Kharkiv, Ukraine, Jewish Virtual Library - Kharkov, Ukraine, Kharkiv - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), 2 killed, 10 wounded as Russian forces hit Ukrainian museum. The city was also the scene of heavy fighting during the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022. Metalist Stadium hosted three group matches at UEFA Euro 2012. [221][222] There is a large bicycles producer, Kharkiv Bicycle Plant within the city. Kharkiv has a philharmonic hall, several theatres (the oldest of which dates from 1780), a planetarium, and a number of museums. [citation needed], Kharkiv lies in the large valley of rivers of Kharkiv, Lopan', Udy, and Nemyshlya. [223] Presently, the modern bicycle highway is under construction at the "Leso park" () district in Kharkiv. but lost this function to Kyiv in 1934. Kharkiv, Ukraines second-largest city, is a major target of Russia. Investments. [25], In the Russian Constituent Assembly election held in November 1917, the Bolsheviks who had seized power in Petrograd and Moscow received just 10.5 percent of the vote in the Governorate, compared to 73 percent for a bloc of Russian and Ukrainian Socialist Revolutionaries. Kharkiv - Wiktionary Soon after the Crimean War, in 186061, a hromada was established in the city, one of a network of secret societies that laid the groundwork for the appearance of a Ukrainian national movement. [59], Before the occupation, Kharkiv's tank industries had been evacuated to the Urals with all their equipment, and became the heart of Red Army's tank programs (particularly, producing the T-34 tank earlier designed in Kharkiv). There are two mosques including the Kharkiv Cathedral Mosque and one Islamic center in Kharkiv. Home to . [82] On 2 March 2014, a Russian "tourist" from Moscow replaced the Ukrainian flag with a Russian flag on the Kharkiv Regional State Administration Building. The city has several football clubs playing in the Ukrainian national competitions. There are about 250thousand cars in the city. All the scientists like to meet and discuss various scientific topics at the Kharkiv Scientists House in Kharkiv.[164]. Regional trains known as elektrichkas connect Kharkiv with nearby towns and villages. According to census returns, by 1939 the Russian share of the population had fallen from almost two thirds to one third, while the Ukrainian share rose from a quarter to almost half. The average rainfall totals 519mm (20in) per year, with the most in June and July. The mayor of Kharkiv is elected by direct public election in Kharkiv every four years. [29], They made Kharkiv the capital of the Donetsk-Krivoy Rog Soviet Republic. A special system of concrete and metal dams was designed and built by engineers to regulate the water level in the rivers in Kharkiv. "The publication of sources on the history of the 1932-1933 famine-genocide: history, current state, and prospects". Answer (1 of 14): The Ukrainian language is a freaky mix of Polish and Russian. [137] The first independent all-Ukrainian population census was conducted in December 2001, and the next all-Ukrainian population census is decreed to be conducted in 2020. The rioters asked the mayor, Hennadiy Kernes, a supporter of the president, to come out. In the Kremlins view, the city demonstrates the folly of Ukraine trying to live apart from Russia. The room was clean and had the basic needs Show more 9.7 Exceptional 364 reviews Price from $19 per night Check availability Citylife Boutique Hotel Kharkiv Innitiatives! [97][98], From early November until mid-December, Kharkiv was struck by seven non-lethal bomb blasts. In the early 20th century, as the capital of Soviet Ukraine, Kharkiv experienced exceptional development in the fields of literature, theatre, and scholarship. KHARKIV, Ukraine . That very morning the Kharkiv citizens woke up with the sound of explosions or the telephone calls from their panic-stricken relatives. Updates? Much of the power for industry and heating in the city derives from natural gas. A new Kharkiv railway station was built in 1952.[210]. [39] By 1937 the output of Kharkiv's industries was reported as being 35 times greater than in 1913. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [106][107] He was succeeded by Ihor Terekhov of the "Kernes Bloc Successful Kharkiv". It is an old girder that now - is a modern park zone more than 12km length. A system of running water was established in 1870. [115] In March 2022, during the Battle of Kharkiv, the city was designated as a Hero City of Ukraine. Located in Kharkiv, within 6.6 miles of Kharkov Historical Museum and 18 miles of Drobitskiy Yar, has accommodations with a terrace and free WiFi as well as free private parking for guests. Kharkiv's Metro is the city's rapid transit system operating since 1975. The first railway connection of Kharkiv was opened in 1869. The city council is composed of elected representatives, who approve or reject the initiatives on the budget allocation, tasks priorities and other issues in Kharkiv. Oleh Syniehubov said officials received no reports of casualties from that round of bombing. [30] Six weeks later, under the treaty terms agreed with the Central Powers at Brest-Litovsk, they abandoned the city and ceded the territory to the German-occupied Ukrainian State. 1798.pdf/175 ", "Jews and revolution in Kharkiv: how one Ukrainian city escaped a pogrom in 1905", " - , Ukrainian Soviet Encyclopedia", "Ukrainian Social Democratic Workers' party", Historical Dictionary of Ukraine (Historical Dictionaries of Europe), Literary Politics in Soviet Ukraine, 19171934, Borderlands into Bordered Lands: Geopolitics of Identity in Post-Soviet Ukraine (Soviet and Post-Soviet Politics and Society, Vol. [74], In the 1 December 1991 Referendum on the Act of Declaration of Independence, on a turnout of 76 percent 86 percent of the Kharkiv Oblast approved separate Ukrainian statehood. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. A History of Kharkiv: Ukraine's Largest City in the Slobozhanshchyna Kharkiv, Russian Kharkov, city, northeastern Ukraine. This was to remain independent of, and opposed by, the Bolshevik faction of the Russian SDLP. These universities include Kharkiv National University (12,000students), National Technical University "KhPI" (20,000students), Kharkiv National University of Radioelectronics (12,000students), Kharkiv National Aerospace University "KhAI", Kharkiv National University of Economics, Kharkiv National University of Pharmacy, and Kharkiv National Medical University. Kharkiv vs. Kharkov - What's the difference? | Ask Difference [51] Confident in his control over Ukraine, in January 1934 Stalin had the capital of the Ukrainian SSR moved from Kharkiv to Kyiv.[52]. Kharkiv is a major cultural, scientific, educational, transport and industrial centre of Ukraine, with numerous museums, theatres and libraries, including the Annunciation and Dormition cathedrals, the Derzhprom building in Freedom Square, and the National University of Kharkiv. X.: , 2006. In the 1930s Kharkiv was referred to as a Literary Klondike. [45][46] Eye-witness accounts by westernersamong them those of American Communist Fred Beal employed in the Kharkiv Tractor Factory[47] were cited in the international press but, until the era of Glasnost were consistently denounced in the Soviet Union as fabrications. The ousted president fled to Kharkiv, where the mayor at the time, Hennadiy Kernes, hosted a congress of pro-Russia politicians and officials from largely Russian-speaking regions in the east and southeast of Ukraine. Kharkov People's Republic - Namuwiki [73] During the 1990s post-Soviet aliyah, many Jews from Kharkiv emigrated to Israel or to Western countries. 98) (Volume 98), The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, " ( 191718 .) As of April 2018, there were 25,000 specialists in IT industry of the Kharkiv region, 76% of them were related to computer programming. Russian troops enter Ukraine's 2nd largest city : NPR [141] The St. Trinity Orthodox Church was built in Kharkiv in 17581764 and re-built in 18571861. There is a growing interest in cycling among locals. is being conducted in Kharkiv every year. Landau, Nobel laureate in Kharkiv.[165]. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. He was allowed to return to his mayoral duties. Over the past week, Kharkiv has experienced some of the worst Russian shelling it has seen to date, killing more than 15 people, as worries grow in Kyiv that Russia is now mounting another attack. The city has a high concentration of research institutions, which are independent or loosely connected with the universities. Is Kharkiv/Kharkov spelled Kharkiv or Kharkov? - Quora The industrial structure of Kharkiv is headed by engineering. Sarzhyn Yar is a natural ravine three minutes walk from "Botanichniy Sad" station. . [80] The authorities launched an 'anti-terrorist operation'. [59], On the eve of the occupation, Kharkiv's prewar population of 700,000 had been doubled by the influx of refugees. The International Economic Forum: Innovations. During April and May 1940 about 3,900 Polish prisoners of Starobelsk camp were executed in the Kharkiv NKVD building, later secretly buried on the grounds of an NKVD pansionat in Pyatykhatky forest (part of the Katyn massacre) on the outskirts of Kharkiv. More than half of IT-companies located in the Kharkiv region fall into "extra small" category with less than 20 persons engaged. [12] There is a folk etymology that connects the name of both the settlement and the river to a legendary cossack founder named Kharko[13] (a diminutive form of the name Chariton, Ukrainian: , romanized:Khariton,[1] or Zechariah, Ukrainian: , romanized:Zakharii). Kharkiv's Jewish population is estimated to be around 8,000 people. The National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute" Museum was created in Kharkiv on 29 December 1972. Located 25 miles from the Russian border, Kharkiv has great strategic importance as the gateway to the east of Ukraine. Emilio Morenatti/AP Officials in Ukraine say that Kharkiv, the nation's. Kharkiv (Ukrainian: , IPA:[xrkiu] (listen)), also known as Kharkov (Russian: o, IPA:[xarkf]), is the second-largest city and municipality in Ukraine. INVESTMENTS. [142] The St. Annunciation Orthodox Cathedral, one of the tallest Orthodox churches in the world, was completed in Kharkiv on 2 October 1888. 17 January]1805, the Decree on the Opening of the Imperial University in Kharkiv came into force. Poliakova. [69], The National University of Kharkiv was at the forefront of democratic agitation. [67] The election was relatively free, but occurred well before organised political parties had time to form, and did not arrest the decline in the CPSU's legitimacy. The Red Army committed 765,300 men to this offensive, suffering 277,190 casualties (170,958 killed/missing/PoW, 106,232 wounded) and losing 652 tanks, and 4,924 guns and mortars. [12], The original walls of Kharkiv enclosed today's streets: vulytsia Kvitky-Osnovianenko, Constitution Square, Rose Luxemburg Square, Proletarian Square, and Cathedral Descent. Among survivals of the past are the 17th-century Pokrovsky Cathedral, the 19th-century Patriarchal Cathedral, and the belltower commemorating the victory over Napoleon I in 1812. Updated 7:25 AM ET, Tue March 1, 2022. During the Soviet era, Kharkiv was the capital of industrial production in Ukraine and a large centre of industry and commerce in the USSR. Adopting the Erfurt Program of German Social Democracy, they restyled themselves the Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party (USDLP). [17], Kharkiv University was established in 1805 in the Palace of Governorate-General. The 96-year old survivor of forced labor at the Buchenwald, Peenemnde, Dora and Bergen Belsen concentration camps was killed when Russian fire hit his apartment bloc on 18 March 2022). [110], According to a 28 February 2022, report from Agroportal 24h, the Kharkiv Tractor Plant (KhTZ), in the south east of the city, was destroyed and engulfed in fire by massive shelling from Russian forces. Mid-century, the Khmelnytsky Uprising against the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth saw the brief establishment of an independent Cossack Hetmanate. All the rivers interconnect in Kharkiv and flow into the river of Northern Donets. As of 2001, the population of the Kharkiv region is as follows: 78.5% living in urban areas, and 21.5% living in rural areas.[138]. There is the Organ Music Hall in the city. Today there are numerous institutions of higher education, including a university (founded in 1805) and polytechnic, medical, agricultural, and various engineering establishments. Kharkiv is connected with all main cities in Ukraine and abroad by regular railway services. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. [65], The last Communist Party chief of Ukraine, Vladimir Ivashko, appointed in 1989, trained as a mining engineer and served as a party functionary in Kharkiv. There is the Kharkiv Philharmonic Society in the city. [citation needed] It was the centre for the work of literary figures such as: Les Kurbas, Mykola Kulish, Mykola Khvylovy, Mykola Zerov, Valerian Pidmohylny, Pavlo Filipovych, Marko Voronny, Oleksa Slisarenko. 80,000 people died of hunger, cold and disease. There is also a female football club WFC Zhytlobud-1 Kharkiv, which represented Ukraine in the European competitions and constantly is the main contender for the national title. 2. The first appointed voivode from Moscow was Voyin Selifontov in 1656, who began to build a local ostrog (fort). [70] The proteststhe so-called the Revolution on Granite[71]ended on October 17 with a resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of the Ukrainian SSR promising further democratic reform. [72], Kharkiv's Jewish community revived after World War II: by 1959 there were 84,000 Jews living in the city. There, a 58-year-old woman was . It lies at the confluence of the Uda, Lopan, and Kharkiv rivers. Today, Kharkiv is often referred to as the "capital city" of Ukrainian science fiction and fantasy. [96] Polls conducted from September to December 2014 found little support in Kharkiv for joining Russia. Elina Svitolina is a tennis player from Kharkiv. The Vasyl N. Karazin Kharkiv National University is the most prestigious reputable classic university, which was founded due to the efforts by Vasily Karazin in Kharkiv in 18041805. [80][84] Doubts arose about their local origin as they had initially targeted the city's Opera and Ballet Theatre before recognising their mistake. There's the jagged-edge crater with a spray-pattern of divots gouged out by shrapnel; the gap . Large music and cinema festivals are hosted in Kharkiv almost every year. Kharkiv is also the headquarters of one of the largest Ukrainian banks, UkrSibbank, which has been part of the BNP Paribas group since December 2005. There are many modern arts galleries in the city: the Yermilov Centre, Lilacs Gallery, the Kharkiv Art Museum, the Kharkiv Municipal Gallery, the AC Gallery, Palladium Gallery, the Semiradsky Gallery, AVEK Gallery, and Arts of Slobozhanshyna Gallery among others. In practice the share of secondary schools teaching in the Ukrainian language remained lower than the ethnic Ukrainian share of the Kharkiv Oblasts population. and its response "Glory on all of earth!". The Natural History Museum at V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University was founded in Kharkiv on 2 April 1807. Kharkiv Oblast - Wikipedia The Kharkiv International Marathon is considered as a prime international sportive event, attracting many thousands of professional sportsmen, young people, students, professors, locals and tourists to travel to Kharkiv and to participate in the international event.[211][212][213][214]. Ukraine is traumatised, but it is filled with a deep, burning anger and After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Kharkiv was made the first capital of the Ukrainian S.S.R. Multipurpose aircraft are produced by the Antonov aircraft manufacturing plant. . Anyone can read what you share. The 10 Best Kharkiv Hotels Where To Stay in Kharkiv, Ukraine The "National University of Pharmacy" Museum was founded in Kharkiv on 15 September 2010. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. [1] Bolsheviks withdrew from Tsentralna Rada and formed their own Rada (national council) in Kharkiv. The RiegerKloss organ was installed in the building of the Organ Music Hall back in 1986. It produced x-ray apparatus for the whole country.[163]. [122], According to the 1989 Soviet Union Census, the population of the city was 1,593,970. https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/24/world/europe/kharkiv-russia.html. While the Russian language is primarily spoken in the cities of Kharkiv oblast, elsewhere in the oblast most inhabitants speak Ukrainian . There are many large modern shopping malls in Kharkiv. Khartron[157] is the leading designer of space and commercial control systems in Ukraine and the former CIS. Ukraine says Russian troops are withdrawing from Kharkiv : NPR Kharkiv is located at the banks of the Kharkiv, Lopan, and Udy rivers, where they flow into the Seversky Donets watershed in the north-eastern region of Ukraine. The mayor of Kharkiv and the city council govern all the business and administrative affairs in the City of Kharkiv. Besides, there are 22 large companies with the workers' number ranging from 201 to 600. Overall, the estimated revenue of Kharkiv IT companies will more than double from $800 million in 2018 to $1.85 billion by 2025. With a population of 1,425,987 inhabitants, Kharkiv is Ukraine's second-largest and second-most-populous city. ", " ", " " ", " "", " - ()", " - ()", " - ", " . [2] Also, owing to this law, over 200 streets have been renamed in Kharkiv since 20 November 2015. . [12] One of its later graduates was In Ivan Franko to whom it awarded a doctorate in Russian linguistics in 1906. - (Living Kharkiv. The park has nine areas: children, extreme sports, family entertainment, a medieval area, entertainment center, French park, cable car, sports grounds, retro park. At least one tear gas grenade was used. The rights groupwhich noted the "inherently indiscriminate nature of cluster munitions and their foreseeable effects on civilians"based its assessment on interviews and an analysis of 40 videos and photographs. The city is named after the Kharkiv River. , 2004, . From Kharkiv comes also black metal band Drudkh. Kharkiv, for example, which I visited over the last week, is a sad and battered city. In March and April 2014, security forces and counter-demonstrators defeated efforts by Russian-backed separatists to seize control of the city and regional administration. [44], In 1932 and '33, the combination of grain seizures and the forced collectivisation of peasant holdings created famine conditions, the Holodomor, driving people off the land and into Kharkiv, and other cities, in search of food. | ", "times.kh.ua/news/fresh/kharkovskaya_siren_2016_novye_ladoni_znamenitykh_akterov_na_allee_zvezd_foto/158954/", " " ": () | ", "Information in English - ..", " >> . . ", " .. [150][151][152][153][154], The key topics of the plenary sessions and panel discussions of the International Economic Forum: Innovations. ..", " ", "Kharkiv International Festival of Science Fiction "Star Bridge - 2011", " , , | ", " ..", " . The city of Kharkiv is one of the largest transportation centres in Ukraine, which is connected to numerous other cities of the world by air, rail and road traffic. [100] On 8 January 2015 five men wearing balaclavas broke into an office of Station Kharkiv, a volunteer group aiding refugees from Donbas. Under the tsars, Russian was the language of officialdom and education. [89][90][91] Violent clashes resulted in the severe beating of at least 50 pro-Ukrainian protesters in attacks by pro-Russian protesters. Corrections? 3/4 century ago it lost its status of the capital of Ukraine (Soviet Ukraine) but we think it has all the chances to get this status back. The same determination seems to arise wherever you go and to whomever you speak: A fierce belief, here, is . Since 1997 four tri-annual competitions have taken place. [37], Under Stalin's First Five Year Plan, the city underwent intensified industrialisation, led by a number of national projects. The V. N. Karazin Kharkiv National University History Museum was established in Kharkiv in 1972. [34], A number of prestige construction projects in new officially-approved Constructivist style were completed,[35] among them Derzhprom (Palace of Industry) then the tallest building in the Soviet Union (and the second tallest in Europe),[36] the Red Army Building, the Ukrainian Polytechnic Institute of Distance Learning (UZPI), the City Council building, with its massive asymmetric tower, and the central department store that was opened on the 15th Anniversary of the October Revolution. Kharkiv - Travel guide at Wikivoyage The same year on 7 November 1932, the building of Noblemen Assembly was transformed into the building of All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. [12] As new buildings were going up, many of city's historic architectural monuments were being torn down. The Battle of Kharkiv was a military engagement that took place from February to May 2022 in and around the city of Kharkiv in Ukraine, . Kharkiv or Kharkov. Why Does Spelling Matter? Elderly Japanese man opens free cafe in Ukraine's Kharkiv It lies at the confluence of the Uda, Lopan, and Kharkiv rivers. The city remains under intermittent Russian fire. From 1907 to 2008, at least 86 feature films were shot in the city's territory and its region. In a lengthy historical essay on Ukraine published last July, Mr. Putin cited this obscure episode as an example of the doomed, foolhardy attempts to establish a Ukrainian state by the different quasi-state formations that emerged across the former Russian empire., This history, Mr. Putin added, carried a pointed message for the current leaders of Ukraine: For those who have today given up the full control of Ukraine to external forces, it would be instructive to remember that, back in 1918, such a decision proved fatal for the ruling regime in Kiev.. RC Olymp is the city's rugby union club. The mayor of Kharkiv has the executive powers; the city council has the administrative powers as far as the government issues are concerned. [48][49][50], In 1934 hundreds of Ukrainian writers, intellectuals and cultural workers were arrested and executed in the attempt to eradicate all vestiges of Ukrainian nationalism. The museum is visited by 40000 visitors every year. The 20162020 economic development strategy: "Kharkiv Success Strategy", is created in Kharkiv. The territory of Kharkiv is divided into 9 administrative raions (districts), until February 2016 they were named for people, places, events, and organizations associated with early years of the Soviet Union but many were renamed in February 2016 to comply with decommunization laws.
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