In A monumental four-volume classification of Bantu languages, Comparative Bantu (196771), which was written by Malcolm Guthrie, has become the standard reference book used by most scholarsincluding those who disagree with Guthries proposed classification, which sets up a basic western and eastern division in Bantu languages with a further 13 subdivisions. For instance, there are languages with and without downdrift, though the former are more common (Downing & Rialland 2016b). . Kln: Institut fr Afrikanistik der Universitt zu Kln. are higher compared to Redford, M. A. Tlale Languages across the world have unique phonemic systems. Paper presented at the 91st Annual Meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Austin Texas, 58 January 2017. A. Yoder Philippson, G. K. , (2015) High Vowel Fricativization as an Areal Feature of the Northern Cameroon Grassfields. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. a thorough treatment of both the syntactic and semantic characteristics of the external and internal arguments. , Written by an international team of experts, this comprehensive volume presents grammatical analyses of individual Bantu languages, comparative studies of their main phonetic, phonological and grammatical characteristics and overview chapters on their history and classification. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. Demolin et al. For this reason it is possible to examine on a general basis certain features of the class system of these languages that is involved in the use of concord. G.-M. Fehn Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. S. South African Journal of African Languages , (forthcoming) Studying Clicks Using Real-Time MRI. (2014) Clicks, Concurrency and Khoisan. Maddieson, I. . Paulian, C. 48(4): 839862. , however, the dorsal burst has a higher amplitude than the anterior click burst. (2001) Voiceless Tone Depressors in Nambya and Botswana Kalanga. Mous Their findings show that participants perform better in syllable awareness tasks than in segment awareness. C. J. & In ), The Blackwell Companion to Phonology, Chapter 14. Wentzel Journal of Phonetics 3: 19811984. Figure 3.2 Hyman, L. M. Special attention is paid to consonants with complex articulations, including clicks and the so-called whistling fricatives. It is hoped that the brief discussions of selected issues here will encourage more attention to be paid to phonetic aspects of these languages. Figure 3.26 Corpus studies of Bantu languages are currently few in number (Prinsloo & de Schryver 2001, Niesler et al. Medjo Mv, P. Ayalew Ladefoged, P. , The word papyrus may also be articulated with a velar stop in place of the click [rukoma], as seen in Verhoeven Figure 3.16 Figure 3.2 ), Proceedings of the Sixth Australian Conference on Speech Science and Technology, 5560. 6d. ), Studies in Compensatory Lengthening. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a male speaker. Nine-vowel languages in the Mbam group, such as Mmala A62B and Baca A621, have a contrast between /e/ and // not found in the eight-vowel systems. In Nkuna S53D, Baumbach (1974) indicates that clicks are indifferently pronounced as dental or post-alveolar. 133(2): 10431054. Figure 3.30 Ndana, Ndana A. South African Journal of African Languages , Clicks are found in many words in Southern Sotho S33 (Guma 1971), but only occur in a few sound symbolic words and interjections in Northern Sotho S32 (Poulos & Louwrens 1994). Mathangwane, J. T. Berkeley: University of California, PhD dissertation. Zulu S42 and Xhosa S41 have dental //, alveolar lateral // and apical post-alveolar // click types. 11: 127149. Segebarth M. Arlington: University of Texas, PhD dissertation. , In Cheucle, M. Ondo 36(1): 6792. , (2016) Intonation in Bemba. , | Promotions 1987). (1981) Concise SiSwati Dictionary: SiSwati-English/English-SiSwati. As Spectrogram of Rwanda JD61 akabwa [akab (1997) Languages of the Eastern Caprivi. Spectrogram of the Nyamwezi F22 word /apo/ basket. See text for discussion of the phonetic segmentation. In The seal around the inside of the teeth is made by 40 ms later, and as the contact area of the back of the tongue enlarges, the front edge of the velar contact is now visible as a line of contacted electrodes at the bottom of the arc. 8: 159198. Bladon, A. Detailed studies of this type not only illuminate the individual language studied but may provide insights into diachronic issues. Mongo-Nkundu C61 has reduction of final lowering, while Zulu S42 and Southern Sotho S33 cancel penultimate lengthening in question prosody. Lingua Amsterdam: Institute for Functional Research into Language and Language Use. The Structure of a Bantu Language with Special Reference to Swahili, or Form and Function through Bantu Eyes Author(s): E. O. Ashton Source: Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, Vol. Waveform and spectrogram of the middle syllable of the Fwe K402 word [ruoma] papyrus, spoken by a different male speaker than in (1994) Duration in Moraic Theory. These data suggest that transcription of this vowel set as [i e a o u], as in 2015). Meeussen, A. E. G. An unusual VOT contrast between partially voiced plosives and fully voiced stops, possibly implosives, has been described in Bekwel A85b (Cheucle 2014: 287) and the Kanincin variety of Ruwund L53 (Demolin 2015: 495). Maddieson, I. Volume 1: Phonologie. Downing, L. J. These studies also address several issues in the relation between intonation and tone. (1990) Depression Without Depressors. Rialland, A. On this basis these particular vowels would not quite justify being considered high, but they are clearly markedly higher than those of Xhosa S41. Journal of the International Phonetic Association vowels may thus be misinterpreted as being lower than the [+ATR] mid vowels, but the high F1 values may be instead attributed to a retracted tongue root position. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies (1976) Question Formation in Some Bantu Languages. (1967) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Elderkin Dotted vertical lines separate the major phonetic components of the first syllable. The bilabial click // is not found in Bantu except in paralinguistic utterances, and as a variant pronunciation of a sequence of labial and velar stops, as in Rwanda JD61 (Demolin 2015: 483). In 13(2): 171196. Zsiga In Ngungwel B72a, there are three oral and three nasal vowels in prefixes [e a o e ]. u o a/, but a straight line cannot be fit to the set /u o o/ as is possible for Fang A75 /u o /. B. T. Pp. Aspects of prosody to be covered here include: patterning of tones, phonetic implementation of tones, positional restrictions, intonation, focus prosody and question prosody. , the anterior click burst has a higher amplitude than the velar release burst, as is typical for clicks cross-linguistically. Lindblom Phonetica Downing, L. J. A. Sezer Figure 3.4 Figure 3.35 shows, the shift from sealed to open occurs rapidly and completely, here between the two frames numbered 170 and 180. T. Andy & & , Downing, L. J. Figure 3.9 Pakendorf, B. 88: 12861298. In South-East Bantu languages, three contrastive click types are found, and probably no more than seven accompaniments are used. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics A. J. (2016) Stem-Initial Accent and C-Emphasis Prosody in North-Western Bantu. (1923) A Dissertation on the Phonetics of the Zulu Language. Journal of Phonetics 2010), but the increasing availability of such corpora may encourage phonetic studies of natural (unelicited) speech. In this variety, some speakers fail to devoice, and others devoice intervocalically as well as after nasals (Zsiga et al. In Pretoria: Via Afrika. The width of the constriction for the apical alveolar nasal in (1999) Clicks in East African Languages. 38(1): 825. (1998) Aspirates: Their Development and Depression in Ikalanga. (2007) Question Prosody: An African Perspective. Whistled Fricatives in Southern Bantu. (ed. Fonetik 2012, 15th Swedish Phonetics Conference, May 30June 1, University of Gothenburg, 7376. Plausibly, the Vove B305 vowel pairs differ phonetically in pharynx width, which is consistent with the auditory impression they create, while the Kalanga S16 pairs differ in height and to a lesser degree in backness, which is consistent with the auditory impression they create. Co-occurrence restrictions of a harmonic nature between vowels, very typical of sub-Saharan African languages, are quite commonly found in Bantu languages, though often limited in extent, e.g., only applying in certain morphological contexts, such as between verb roots and extensions. (1971) Comparative Bantu: An Introduction to the Comparative Linguistics and Prehistory of the Bantu languages. Book Description. Demolin, D. Dr. Wilhelm Bleek first used the term "Bantu" in its current sense in his 1862 book A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages, in which . Clicks are marginal in Tswana S31 and Kgalagari S311, with the possible exception of the Shetjhauba variety of Kgalagari (Tlale 2005, Lukusa and Monaka 2008). The portion marked A, between the first two lines, is phonetically a voiceless velar nasal []. 30(1): 110. In Spectrogram of Kwasio A81 /ko/ [k] to go spoken by a male speaker. Boyer, O. (2009b) Rarefaction Gestures and Coarticulation in Mangetti Dune !Xung clicks. Both Soga JE16 and Fwe K402 have a vowel length contrast. Thomas, K. Nathan Blench, R. Carleton The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015. Otronyi Traill, A. (PDF) Bantu Lexical Reconstruction - ResearchGate Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. Roux, J. C. Figure 3.1 , which represent the arc of the teeth and the vault of the palate. S. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 28(3): 176194. IPA (1999) Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the Use of the International Phonetic Alphabet. Theory and Description in African Linguistics: Selected Papers from the 47th Annual Conference on African Linguistics. Maddieson, I. The Classification of African Languages Dental and alveolar implosives and clicks may display constriction patterns that differ from those of corresponding pulmonic stops. Bostoen & Waveform of the middle part of the Tonga S62 word // father, illustrating the increasing amplitude of voicing during the implosive. M. H. Batibo, H. M. ), Proceedings of the 24th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society, 129138. In The Scottish Consortium for ICPhS 2015 (ed. This study shows that the F0 associated with depressors is lower than a low tone, and the lowest pitch is centred on the depressor consonants themselves. (2009a) Differences in Airstream and Posterior Place of Articulation Among Nuu Clicks. , J. These people spoke Western Bantu languages and shared a M. Riad, T. S. Nyambo JE21 is similar to Sukuma in its pattern. It is found in Malawi, where, since 1968, it has served as the national language; in Mozambique, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. 1992). L. The Bantu languages are polysyllabic, employ class prefixes, use tone for grammati- cal rather than semantic distinctions, place the genitive after the governing noun, etc. Pretoria: J.L. Figure 3.30 The F1 averages of // and // in Mbam languages is typically higher than that of /e/ and /o/. Naidoo 2007), which is auditorily reminiscent of a lateral click. 2014, Braver 2017). These vowels bring to mind the super-high or super-close vowels /i u/ used by Meeussen (1967, 1969) and Guthrie (1967, 1970a, 1970b, 1971) and notated as / / by Meinhof (1899), in addition to normal high /i u/. compares the pitch contours of the Swati S43 words /lhl/ aloe and /lhl/ harrow, where / / is a diacritic to mark the fact that the consonant is a depressor in the second word. Biesele Montlahuc (1995) Issues in the Phonology and Orthography of Chopi (ciCopi S 61). (eds. (eds. By Malcolm Guthrie, Ph.D. There is much work that remains to be done on cross-linguistic, intra- and inter-speaker variation of typologically unusual sounds such as clicks and whistling fricatives. Undoubtedly, studies of intonation and prosody in Bantu languages will continue to increase in number. Lyon: Universit Lumire-Lyon2, PhD. Haacke, W. H. G. & Bond (1995) Nasal Consonant Harmony at a Distance: The Case of Yaka. ), Supplemental Proceedings of Phonology 2013, 110. 1989: 54). What's in a Bantu verb? Actionality in Bantu languages - Semantic Scholar & 46(2): 297305. (1926) The Phonetics of the Zulu Language. Each point represents the average of at least 28 tokens of the vowel in penultimate position in a word list spoken by a female speaker. Figure 3.17 (forthcoming) Click Loss and Click Insertion in Fwe. A. Table 3.2 Schadeberg Passy, P. Plauch See Proctor et al. Phonetic studies of labial consonants include the study of plain and prenasalised bilabial trills / m/ in Medumba, a Narrow Grassfields language, by Olson and Meynadier (2015). Gick, B. (2013), Proctor et al. For example, the word meaning armpit, transcribed by Mathangwane as [apka], could receive three pronunciations [hakwa] with no labial closure, [hapxa] with a labial stop followed by a fairly long velar fricative, or [hapka] with a sequence of stops with clearly separate releases, as illustrated in Hubbard, K. In 46(2): 219228. shows very clearly that independent tongue root adjustment does not contribute to the distinctions between any members of the front vowel set /i e /, nor the back vowel set /u o /. MALCOLM The Classification of the Bantu Languages. Press; London, New ), Nasals, Nasalization and the Velum, 251301. There is a raising process in Xhosa S41, which results in higher variants of /e o/ when /i u/ occur in the next syllable. (2011) Notes on Nyokon Phonology (Bantu A.45, Cameroon). (2003) Yeyi Clicks: Acoustic Description and Analysis. Duke, D. Phonemic Inventories and Cultural and Linguistic Information Across & Voen Wesi Nabirye, M. This may have two principal effects. Soquet Figure 3.2 (1998) The Phonetic Nature of voiceless Nasals in Pokomo: Implications for Sound Change. Although most Bantu languages use only one coronal (typically alveolar) and one dorsal (velar) place of articulation, contrasts between dental and alveolar places are found in several languages, and contrasts between velars and uvulars are found in Kgalagari S311 (Dickens 1987, Monaka 2001, 2005). African Languages and Cultures A particularly interesting claim is made by Mathangwane (1999) concerning her pronunciation of parallel forms in Kalanga S16. Bantu languages | Definition, Characteristics, & Facts Probert ed. This figure makes clear that the expansion of the cavity is not solely due to moving the location of the back closure further back. Chichewa (Bantu) - The Handbook of Morphology - Wiley Online Library Guma, S. M. Meynadier Malcolm Guthrie in his classification of Bantu languages (1967-71) places this language in zone N in the unit N31. Mabuta Areas north of Swati S43 and east of Ndebele S44 with grey patterns show the S10, S50 and S61 zones where clicks have been sporadically attested. EPG frames of a lateral click spoken by a male Zulu S42 speaker. In Abry In Gunnink, H. LINGUISTICS: The Languages of Africa. Joseph H. Greenberg - AnthroSource a given language is to be accepted as Bantu. South African Journal of African Languages In Bemba M42, however, new information focus is indicated on a subject by its placement in post-verbal position and by pitch raising of the pre-focus constituent (Kula & Hamann 2016). Louwrens A. Pholia (2013) Dissimilation by Surface Correspondence in Aghem Velarized Diphthongs. Top row, front vowels /i/, /e/, //; bottom row, back vowels /u/, /o/, //. & The 17th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVII), Hong Kong, August 1721, 2011, 17261729. In the Bantoid language Mundabli (Voll 2012: 535), pharyngealised vowels correspond to final /k/ and // in cognates in its close relative Mufu. The upper pharyngealised vowels of Kwasio A81 do not have the harsh voice quality associated with lower pharyngealised vowels, i.e., epiglottalised or aryepiglottalised vowels, as found in Tuu, Kxa and Khoe languages of southern Africa (cf. , Downing, L. J. London; New York: Routledge. 26(1): 314. Nurse, D. In Northern Sotho S32, however, there is speaker variation in the position of the F0 peak, which may occur somewhere between the second and the third syllable, counting from the high-tone-bearing, verbstem initial syllable (Zerbian 2009). There are four click accompaniments in Fwe K402: voiceless unaspirated, voiced oral, voiced nasal and voiceless nasal, but the language has no contrast for click type or place (Gunnink forthcoming). (2016) Illustrations of the IPA: Lusoga (Lutenga). Dental vs. alveolar place of articulation, www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199935345.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199935345-e-17, http://goto.glocalnet.net/mahopapers/nuglonline.pdf, issp2008.loria.fr/Proceedings/PDF/issp200828.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0522.pdf, www.icphs2015.info/pdfs/Papers/ICPHS0291.pdf. The separate South-East and South-West groups of Bantu languages with clicks can be seen in the map of Southern Africa in In Although its true that many languages within the Bantu group are phonetically quite similar to each other, there is considerably more diversity in their phonetic patterns than is often believed. Africana Linguistica Sections 6-7). Pretoria: van Schaik. The word list available for measurement included a more balanced sample of front than of back vowels, and the back vowels are probably in reality more separated than this plot indicates. E. D. (1996) Notes on Unencoded Speech: Clicks and Their Accompaniments in Xhosa. (2012) Clicks in South-Western Bantu Languages: Contact-Induced Vs. Language-Internal Lexical Change. Gouskova & ga] dog (diminutive); same speaker as in Spectrogram of Kwasio A81 /ko/ [k] avarice spoken by a male speaker. (2002) Bantu Cologne Reconstructions 3. Closure durations and timing relations in the three click types of Zulu S42; means for voiceless clicks in three vowel environments spoken by three speakers, adapted from Thomas-Vilakati (2010). Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. For instance, a contrast between HL and LH contours is restricted to long vowels in Rwanda JD61 (Myers 2003). Bantu orthographies usually do not indicate these alternations, unless subsequent developments have created a contrast between, say, /b/ and //, or /b/ and //. 7(1): 146. The RTR vowel shows more tongue root retraction than the ATR vowel while the ATR vowel (on top) shows more of a bunched tongue shape. J. C. Because the insert does not cover the soft palate, this closure cannot be observed on the EPG record at this time. & The Bitam variety of Fang A75 has eight vowels and seven peripheral vowels, plus mid central // (Medjo Mv 1997). 25(1): 2960. J. This differs from Kwasio A81 pharyngealisation which likely results from the reduction of a consonant. 2024, Kyoto. (1980) Nasale suivie de consonne sourde en proto-bantu. Linguistique africaine (1998) Thimbukushu Grammar. Phonetica Final High or rising intonations are found in Ganda JE15, Chewa N31b and Saghala E74b, while final High-Low or High-falling intonations are found in Jita JE25. Map. Proctor, M. Super-close vowels were reconstructed in order to account for the set of sound changes known as Bantu Spirantization, but recent reconstructions have abandoned this explanation (Schadeberg 1995, Bastin et al. Klner Afrikawissenschaftlichen Nachwuchstagung (KANT I), 119. also illustrates the fact that depression is not necessarily associated with voicing as both /h/ and /h/ are voiceless (Downing & Gick 2001, Downing 2009). South African Journal of African Languages In these cases there is a substantial fall in F0 from the onset to the middle of the nasal, and pitch begins to rise before the consonant is released; the pitch peak on the vowel is 40Hz (left panel) or 50Hz (right panel) higher than the lowest pitch in the nasal. Naidoo, S. (1990) The Role of Contrast in Limiting Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Different Languages. R. K. Pretoria: University of Pretoria, PhD dissertation. Ngcobo The chapter is organised into sections on vowels, consonants and prosody. Strasbourg: Institut de Phonetique, available online: Miller, A. International Journal of American Linguistics Muniru J. S. In Rwanda JD61, there is anticipatory coarticulation of tone, with the F0 of a syllable being affected by a High tone in a later syllable (Myers 2003). , , (1904) Kingoni und Kisutu. & ), Proceedings of the 6th World Congress of African Linguistics Cologne 2009, 129140. The interaction of final lowering and downstep in Pare G22 is detailed in Herman (1996). Most of the languages have relatively limited sets of fricatives of the cross-linguistically common types, although lateral fricatives (and affricates) have developed in or been borrowed into a number of the southern languages, such as Sotho-Tswana S30, Xhosa S41 and Zulu S42. In languages of both the South-East and the South-West clusters, clicks can be found in Bantu roots as well as in loanwords. For individuals learning English as a second language, it is common for the phonemic system of their first language to influence the production of sounds in English. (eds. 121(15): 21202152. . Greenberg, J. H. L. Clicks are also found in Manyo (Gciriku) K332, Sambyu K331, Kwangali K33, Mbukushu K333 and Fwe K402 (Baumbach 1997, Mhlig 1997, Gunnink et al. (1972) The Relationships of Coastal Ndau to the Shona Dialects of the Interior. , it can be seen that in Xhosa S41 /e o/ are located almost equidistant from the high vowels /i u/ and the low vowel /a/. Cologne: Rdiger Kppe. L. Figure 3.28 Wetzels, L. W. (1999b) Tone Association and F0 Timing in Chichewa. The current variation between clicks and velars in Imusho Fwe may eventually lead to the loss of clicks in the variety altogether, as clicks are replaced by velars. & (1998) Few People, Many Tongues: The Languages of Namibia. (ed. Brighton: Causal Productions. , P. The second click also has a velar closure. Final lowering associated with a L% boundary tone at the end of a sentence in Ngazidja G44a is often associated with a devoiced final syllable (Patin 2016). Mittheilungen des Seminars fr Orientalische Sprachen (2013) Paralinguistic Mechanisms of Production in Human beatboxing: A Real-Time Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study. The Classification of African Languages Resources listed below are intended to contribute to foundational awareness of potential cultural and linguistic influences. Fulop, S. A. Some of this diversity may be disguised by the widespread use of simplifying transcriptions and orthographies which normalise away variation within and between languages or underrepresent distinctions. Figure 3.12 Y. Particularly striking in this connection is the velar ejective lateral affricate [k] of Zulu S42 (cf.
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